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What is your impression on pragmatic study? In what way do you think Pragmatic study is essential to our English learning?
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics. It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on.In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance.The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence. So an utterance describing pragmatic function is described as metapragmatic. Pragmatic awareness is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and comes only through experience
2.why do you think one says to the gate-keeper “May we come in?” when he is alone?And why does he still say so to the gate-keeper when he and his company want to go into the park?(15’)
the category of plural notion is not applied to the first person in the same way as it is to the person . Deixis is from a Greek word meaning ‘indicating’ or ‘pointing’. In linguistics, it refers to certain aspects of context of utterance,
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including the role of participants in the speech event and their spatio-temporal and social location. It directly concerns the relationship between the structure of language and the context in which it is used. Typical examples are pronouns, demonstratives, time & place adverbs, and some grammatical categories such as tense.
Some languages even make a distinction between “we-inclusive-of-addressee” and “we-exclusive-of-addressee.”
Here, the person says to the gate-keeper \"may we come in \"when he is alone, the plural forms”us” includes the gate-keeper. By saying so, the person intends to show his friendness to the gate-keeper. It seems they have a close relationship.
when he and his company want to go onto the park, by saying”may we come in ”, the plural forms ”us” just means the person and his company.
Man:Does your dog bite?
Woman:No
(then the man reached down to pet the dog.the dog bites the man’s hand)
The speaker's own questioning expression unclear
Conversation is the common interactions of speaker and hearer, however in order to research are often only pay attention to the hearer, the analysis for the
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hearer to specific inference, the purpose of the violation of cooperative principles more than from the Angle of the hearer guess what the speaker want to convey meaning. In this paper, the subjective factors include two aspects, one is the speaker's factor, 2 it is to the hearer. In some cases, the speaker words to express itself is not clear, easy to make the listener produce misunderstanding, confusion. Thereby, the unpredictability of the speaker said tend to be obedient people don't cooperate.
In this scenario, lady with a clear violation of the cooperative principle in the amount of code, thus she can deduce the conversational implicature is: she doesn't want to communicate with the strange man. If you want to communicate well, she should say at the outset of this dog is not her. From the speaker, however, that this man's point of view to analysis, the man didn't clear from the start, he asked the question itself is not clear, is easy to be misunderstood. Assuming he ask is this your dog? Then ask the dog bite? Or directly ask the dog bite? Ms. I'm afraid I won't bring cooperation and dogs not friendly.
4.What’s the importance of Grice’s theory of conversational
implicature?answer this question with the following example (15’)
Student A:How are you?
Student B:I’m dead.
The importance of the theory of conversational implicature in pragmatics is
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due to various sources or contributions.
1.the theory of conversational implicature may provide come significant function explanation for linguistic facts.
2.it provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more than what is actually “said”, or more than what is literally expressed.
3.it may help to simplify the content of semantic descriptions.
4.it is essential if various basic facts about language are to be accounted for properly.
5. it may offer an insight into the rhetorical use of language.
The Cooperative Principle has four categories of maxims as follows:
1. Quantity 2.Quality 3.Relation 4.Manner
It is important to recognize these maxims as unstated assumptions we have in conversations. In this case, it violates the Quality of CP. Quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true.
(1) Do not say what you believe to be false.
(2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
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We can see the sentence “I’m dead” is not true, so it violates the maxim of quality in CP and products implicature.
5.Xiao:(look around)（20’）
Grocer:老师吃什么？(what would you like to have,teacher?)
Xiao:西瓜多少钱一斤？(How much is water melon?)
Grocer:一块二(one yuan and twenty)
Xiao:一块二？很贵的(one yuan and twenty?very expensive）
Grocer:哦，我们进来就一块一，一天挣不了几个钱，你要我给你便宜一毛
Grocer:好，来一个。
In saying “老师吃什么?” the grocer performed
The locution of asking a question
The illocution: attracting Li’s attention
The perlocution: Li is attracted.
In saying “西瓜多少钱一斤？” Li performed a locutionary act of inquiring in
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order to find out the price. The effect is: a bargain is started.
The locution: inquiring
The illocution: finding out the price
The perlocution: starting a bargain
“一块块二？够贵的”
In saying “一块二？够贵的” Li performed a locutionary act of expressing his opinion in order to strike a good bargain. What would be the result? Li has a discount of 10 cents
The locution: expressing his opinion
The illocution: striking a good bargain
The perlocution: a discount is offered
6. There happens a dialogue between Peter and Mary as follows: （10’）
Peter: Do you want some coffee?
Mary: Coffee would keep me awake.
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Questions: What does the speaker Mary mean? Does she like the coffee or not? Why do you think so?.
Mary’s words could be interpreted in two forms, that is:
A: Mary does not want to stay awake and she does not want any coffee.
A’: Mary wants to stay awake and she wants some coffee.
Mary’s answer is relevant to Peter’s utterance.Coffee’s characteristic is well-known to both of them.
Mary’s response can be most naturally interpreted by Peter as a refusal. To avoid ambiguity, Mary should have answered this way: Oh, yes. Coffee would keep me awake.
The interpretation based on A and A‘ is contrary to the natural one, extra effort must be made by the speaker.
But why not a direct refusal: No. Being more informative can only be taken as a sign that she has more than one goal in mind.
In order to spare her hearer any unnecessary processing effort, she, by providing more information, intends to achieve some additional contextual effects not derivable from the direct answer ‘No’.
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So, the most natural assumption for Peter to make here is that she is refusing the coffee because it keeps her awake --- rather than because he makes horrible coffee, or because she doesn’t want to spend a moment longer with him…
Thus, Mary’ response, unlike the direct answer ‘No’, simultaneously satisfies two goals: conveying a refusal (indirect illocutionary force) and giving an explanation of that refusal (direct illocutionary force).
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