专题技能突破（8)阅读理解之主旨大意
【技能讲解】 主旨大意题是高考阅读题目考查中必不可少的题目之一，可以利用主题句来概括标题，抓住每段的首尾句,综合得出文章的大意.特别关注首尾段落,找到文章的中心。当出现but， however， therefore等词后，特别关注这些被强调的部分。另外，可以通过排除法得出正确答案。题干中4个选项，经常会出现某个选项是某一段落的意思,不足以代表全文;还有的选项会是放之四海而皆准的句子，过于宽泛;还有的选项会是偏离文章主题的意思。总之，如果能够排除太大、太小、太偏的选项，正确答案就一目了然了.
典例剖析
1.[2015·江苏高考,C篇]Suppose you become a leader in an organization。 It’s very likely that you'll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so， it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let's begin with the question of why people volunteer。 Researchers have identified several factors that
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motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships。 If volunteer positions do not meet these needs， people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers， you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so。 To increase levels of community service, some schools have
launched
compulsory
volunteer
programs.
Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor （e.g。， “I volunteer because it's important to me.”） to an external factor (e.g。 ，“I volunteer because I’m required to do so.”）。 When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time？ To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow。up studies in
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which they track volunteers over time。 For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions。 Although this result may not surprise you， it leads to important practical advice。 The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”．
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work。 Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am。” Consistent with the researchers' expectations， they
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found a positive correlation （正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results， once again， lead to concrete advice： “Once an individual begins volunteering， continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity。.。 Items like Tshirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity.”
QWhat is the best title of the passage? A．How to Get People to Volunteer B．How to Study Volunteer Behaviors C．How to Keep Volunteers' Interest D．How to Organize Volunteer Activities
[答案］ A 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要阐述了人们为什么要做志愿者，和持续进行志愿活动与志愿者身份认同之间的正比关系，并强调要加强对志愿者身份的认同。A项“如何让人们参与志愿者活动”能概括文章中心，适合做标题.故选A.
2．［2015·天津高考，B篇］Whether in the home or the workplace， social robots are going to become a lot
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more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way， said Cynthia Breazeal， chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework， social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad。 This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
。.。
QWhat does the passage mainly present? A．A new design idea of household robots。 B．Marketing strategies for social robots. C．Information on household robots. D．An introduction to social robots.
[答案] D 主旨大意题。第一段第一句“Whether in the home or the workplace， social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years。”开篇点题并结合对全文的整体理解可推知，
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本文是一篇说明文，主要对社交机器人进行了简要的介绍。故选D。
技能演练
1。CHICAGO (Reuters）。Smoking not only can wrinkle (皱纹） the face and turn it yellow—it can do the same to the whole body, researchers reported on Monday。
The study， published in the Archives of Dermatology， shows that smoking affects the skin all over the bodyeven skin protected from the sun.
。。.
Smoking can also damage the connective tissue (组织) that supports both die skin and the internal organs.
QThe best title for this passage would be ________. A．The Danger of Smoking B．Smoking Causes Skin Aging C．Quit Smoking for Health D．A Survey of Smokers
答案：B 主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了吸烟影响皮肤，使皮肤衰老。所以选B。
2．British pupils taught by Chinese are better than
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their peers in maths and science， a new study has found.
In a study aimed at comparing the British and the Chinese school systems， pupils taught by Chinese teachers outperformed the rest of their peers in a series of exams set by an independent research body (The Institute of EducationIOE)．
In an experiment for BBC Two's “Are Our Kids Tough Enough？ Chinese School”， five teachers from China were responsible for the education of 50 students for four weeks at Bohunt School in Hampshire。 Learning together in one classroom, the students of mixed abilities were taught in a Chinese style education system, with 12 hour days and a stricter learning regime （制度)．
。。.
QWhat’s the test mainly talk about？
A．The British students guided by the Chinese teachers behave better than their mates in some aspects of schooling。
B．Chinese teachers are better than American teachers in maths and science.
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C．The school systems between China and Britain are so different。
D．The Chinese teachers show a stricter learning to the British students。
答案：A 主旨大意题。本文主要讲述由中国老师指导的英国学生在学校的表现比其他学生要好.所以选A。
3．In an incredible feat （技艺） of memory， college lecturer Li Yanzhi， 51， recited every word of an English。Chinese dictionary， a total of 220，000 words.
The 51.yearold business English lecturer at Xi’an Jiaotong University in Xi’an, started to recite the entire content of an English。Chinese dictionary on August 6， 2013, and completed the task 19 days later。 Since that first recitation, she has performed the task 28 times。
“I tried to remember every word in the dictionary in order to make it easier for me to teach my classes，\" Li said.
Her perseverance (坚持） comes from a hard life that taught her to keep going forward no matter how many difficulties she encountered.
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..。
QWhat could be the best title for the text? A．A Responsible Mother
B．An Effective Teaching Method C．An Extraordinary Female D．A Living Dictionary
答案：D 主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是一个大学讲师,通过努力把一部英汉词典全部背过，堪称一部“活词典”。
4．［2015·青岛联考］I work in a nursing home and my job is to take care of the elderly.
This year, a very sweet old lady that I cared for, Alice, had gone through a difficult time. She got dementia and so she had been in the hospital twice。 In November I was finally able to get her back to her “home”．
Alice had thought her daughter was coming to visit her on Christmas Day and that they were going to have the whole family together like the old days。 When she finally realized that that happy moment was not going to happen, she was very sad. Knowing that her daughter was coming
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after Christmas was not enough to make her feel happy。 I hated the idea of her being alone on the holiday!
On Christmas Eve, I gave her a surprise by asking if she would like to go to a candlelight service at church that night。
Instead of taking her to my church， I took her to her old neighborhood church where all her friends were. We got there early and I got her a seat where her friends could see her as they came in. Then soon some of her friends came to the church and they rushed over to greet her and sit with her.
The candlelight service was beautiful and Alice got a lot of love from her old and new friends there.
The truth of the story is that I am the one who got the best gift： the smile on Alice's face.
QWhat is the best title for this passage？ A．A Special Candlelight Christmas Eve B．The Dream of All Old Lonely Ladies C．My Special Job D．The True Love
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答案：A 主旨大意题。本文讲述了作者帮助一位老人过了一个特别的烛光平安夜的故事，故选A项。
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