Part II
段落翻译与实践
I. 汉译英
1． 和平统一
1） 促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。2）所以我们建议举行两党平等会谈，实行第三次合作。3）大陆和台湾有不同的意识形态，实行不同的政治制度，但绝不能让这一点妨碍我们发展两岸关系，实现和平统一的大业。
1）To promote the reunification of the motherland, we must find a proper means. 2) So we suggest that the two Parties hold a talk on an equal footing and try for a third-time cooperation. 3) The fact the mainland and Taiwan have adopted different ideologies and political systems should not be allowed to stand in the way of developing the relations between two sides of the Taiwan Straits and achieving the peaceful reunification.
2． 大学生…
1）现在大学生的学习压力相当重。2）除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。3）总之，他们就像一个机器人。4）压力大，时间少，功课多。5）看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。6）一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。7）他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间
好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。8）读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。
1) College students now bear heavy academic pressure. 2) You will find them—except seniors who are beginning to look for a job—always too busy in studies to join campus organizations, too busy to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities, too busy to share the interests of their friends, and too busy to pay attention to anything that is not connected with their studies. 3) In short, they have become nothing but a robot. 4) They are under pressure to do too much work in too little time. 5) If their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight while they go to a movie, they will feel guilty. 6) The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleepless all night. 7) They stud so hard that they have hardly had time to savor life and to pursue other interests to grow as well-rounded people. 8) The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happiness and health.
3． 金融危机
1）现在的国际金融是没有国界的。2）当东京的股市大跌时，受影响的不只是日本，而是全世界。3）因此要保持我们中国的经济稳定发展，就要帮助恢复亚太地区的稳定和发展。4）我们中国在这次亚洲金融危机中勇敢地承担了自己的责任。
[注释]
东京 Tokyo
1) International finance has no respect for national borders. 2) When stock markets fall in
Tokyo, the effects are no longer local; they are global. 3) So to have sustained economic growth. China must help to restore stability and growth in the Asia Pacific region. 4) China has steadfastly shouldered its responsibilities to the region in this latest financial crisis.
4． 抗洪抢险…
1）这次长江流域的水灾是44年来最严重的。2）官方的数字表明已有2000多人死亡，1380万人被迫离开家园。3）占中国总耕地面积3%的450万公顷的农作物被毁。4）工厂被迫停工，产量受到影响。5）客运和货运也被迫中断。6）在未来的许多岁月里，人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。7）尽管损失如此严重，举国上下，展开与洪水的斗争是非常值得称赞的。8）在抗洪斗争中，中国人民显示了令人叹服的守堤防洪的能力。9）例如这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。10）事实上，差不多有数百万平民百姓参加了这一人类巨大的斗争。
[注释]
公顷 hectare
1) The floods in the Yangtze River basin are the worst in 44 years. 2) Official figures indicate that more than 2000 people have been drowned and 13.8 million have been driven from their homes. 3) Crops have been destroyed on 4.5 million hectares, 3 percent of China’s total cropland. 4) Industrial output has suffered as factories have had to shut. 5) The transportation of goods and people has been disrupted. 6) The overall effect on China’s economy will be felt for many months. 7/8 Despite the serious damage, China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide effort to deal with flooding, during which the Chinese have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for shoring up dikes and protecting themselves from
flooding. 9) For example, 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded. 10) Literally millions of civilians are involved in this enormous human effort.
5. 海滨浴场
1）游客就是冲着这一望无际的海滩和充足的阳光前来休养的。2）然而，随着青岛市的对外开放，青岛旅游业就显得过于单一。现代化设施也显得欠缺。3）虽然海滨浴场每年吸引了成千上万的中外游客，但却明显地受到季节自然因素的影响。
[注释]
青岛 Qingdao
1) Its endless beaches and abundant sunshine attract tourists each year in search of rest and relaxation. 2) The opening of Qingdao to the outside world, however, has revealed the monotony of her touring programs and the inadequacy of modern facilities. 3) Take the bathing beach for example. It admits thousands of tourists from home and abroad annually, but its use is obviously limited by seasons and natural events.
6．投资市场
1）股票市场，国库券市场和企业债券市场是上海最大和最活跃的资本市场。2）这些市场的日趋活跃，表明上海金融体系越来越成熟，同时也看出上海企业正设法通过直接向群众借款的办法来克服信贷紧缩。3）它还说明，上海投资者越来越聪明。4）他们购买各种有价证券，从保值定期储蓄、国
库券、股票、企业债券，到现在只要能使手中钱不因通货膨胀而贬值的各种其他金融债券。5）机构投资者和个人投资者踊跃购买每年发行的国库券。6）企业债券因为期限短，利率高于银行存款利率一到二个百分点，因此也十分受欢迎。7）人们争相购买证券，往往前一天晚上就在银行外排队，一个亿的债券几天就一售而空。
[注释]
国库券 the treasury bond
1,2) Increasing activity in the stock market, the treasury bond and enterprise bond markets—Shanghai’s biggest and most active capital markets—reflects the growing sophistication of the local financial system and the efforts of local enterprises to beat the credit squeeze by borrowing directly from the public. 3, 4) It also indicates that Shanghai investors are getting smarter, spreading their portfolios among inflation-linked fixed bank deposits, treasury bonds, shares, and enterprise bonds, and other financial instruments now available as a hedge against inflation. 5) Treasury bonds issued each year has been the most popular with institutional and individual investors. 6) Enterprise bonds are also popular because they have a short maturity and offer an interesting rate of 1-2% more than the average bank deposit rate. 7) Often RMB 100 million worth of enterprise bonds are subscribed within a few days by anxious investors who queue overnight outside banks.
7．快乐教育
1） 快乐教育是指强调培养学生成为德、智、体、美、劳全面发展的人。2）它改变了我们以往唯有高分的学生才是人才的观念。3）因为我们国家的建设事业不仅仅需要的是工程师和科学家，同样
需要各行各业的能工巧匠。
1,2) By advocating enjoyable education we mean to challenge the notion that grades are an exclusive measure of one’s talent and to aim to develop children’s total personality, not just their academic ability. We are also value virtues, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. 3) For China in her development needs not only engineers and scientists, but talent of different kinds.
8．美国华人
1）70年代以来，美国华人社会发生了重大的变化。2）最显著的是许多来自大陆的中国人不断涌入美国，使美国华人的人数猛增。3）随着华人人口的迅猛增加和华族素质的明显提高，华人经济日趋繁荣。4）据悉，自1986年起，美国华人经济已跃居全美少数民族之首，遥遥领先于日裔、韩裔等其他后裔。5）美国华人家庭的年均收入已超过美国白人家庭。6）目前，一批华人企业家在美国经济界享有一定声望。7）更可喜的是，近年来美国冒出一批知名华裔科技人才。8）他们的科技成就引起了国际科技界的注意和钦佩。9）同时华人的政治地位明显提高，涉足美国政界的人越来越多。
1，2) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes, among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America’s shore. 3) As the population of the American citizens of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently improved, so their economic conditions have prospered. 4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities, Japanese and Koreans, for instance. 5) The average Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family. 6) At present there is a number of enterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic
circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame. 7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent. 8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world. 9) Meanwhile, Chinese-descent citizens have more roles to play in American political circles, as they have risen evidently in political status.
9．谈国事
1）在谈话中，他涉及的是一些严肃的问题，诸如国有企业的改革，快速膨胀的政府机构，中国对亚洲邻邦承担的义务，决不使人民币贬值，整治环境和铲除腐败。2）自始至终，人们时而点头表示赞同，时而捧腹大笑。
1) In his talk, he tackled serious subjects, like the reform of state-owned enterprises and the growing bureaucracy, China’s commitment to her Asian neighbors and determination not to devalue her currency, the need to clean up the environment or root out corruption. 2) All the while, people alternately nodded in approval or held their sides with laughter.
10．小鸡风波
1）退休煤矿工人张师傅今年年初买了四只小鸡。2）有一天发现丢了一只，气得一个劲地埋怨老伴。3）傍晚，有一只小鸡突然从门外进来，随后邻居王某跟进院来，抓起小鸡就走。4）张老太哪里肯放。5）双方争吵起来。6）原来王某年初也买了两只小鸡，最近丢了一只。7）这时，另一个姓李的邻居过来了解情况。8）他将有争议的小鸡从两家中间撒出去。9）那只鸡不去王家，直向张家的鸡群跑去。10）张师傅叫了声“鸡鸡鸡”，他养的小鸡，连同有争议的那只，争先恐后地跑到他的脚下。11）王某无话可说，当场认错，一场小鸡风波平息了。
1) Mr. Zhang, a retired miner, bought four chicks early this year. 2) One day, he found one of them missing. He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time. 3) Towards evening, into his yard came a chick, followed by his neighbor Wang, who ran to catch the chick. 4) Naturally Zhang’s wife wouldn’t let him go with the chick, 5) and so a quarrel ensured. 6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently, which he bought nearly the same time as Mr. Zhang did. 7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening. 8) Having heard the story, he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off. 9) The chick went straight to join Zhang’s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang’s home. 10) And at Zhang’s call “Chick, chick”, all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him. 11) Wang had no more to say but made an immediate apologize. Thus ended the quarrel over a chick.
11．徐霞客
1）徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。2）他在考察的过程中，从不盲目迷信书本上的结论，从不把权威看作是真理的唯一基础。3）他发现前人研究的地理记载中有许多不很可靠的地方。4）为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；5）为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区、人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景；6）他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。7）他不仅善于观察，观察的精确、耐心、客观、而且对观察的结果锲而不舍地进行思考。
1) During his life time, Xu Xiake visited 16 provinces, leaving his footprints nearly everywhere across the land. 2) He never blindly accepted the conclusions given by books, nor did he treat authority as the sole basis for truth. 3) As a result, he found many inaccuracies in the travel notes on geography written by his predecessors. 4,5) In order to get a detailed and
truthful picture of the particular places, he preferred to travel on foot instead of by cart or boat despite long distances, and even ventured into mountainous areas and jungles, which are rarely traveled by people and full of dangers. 5,6) The payoff for his effort was his discovery of many fantastic landscapes which attracted him to return in different season sand even different hours of the day to observe their kaleidoscopic spectacles. 7) He was not only a good observer, accurate, patient and objective, but also applied persistent thought to the observations he made.
12．“马桶文学”
1） 在美国求学生涯是非常艰苦的，尤其是，三十岁了还在读书，又拖着两个顽童。
2）哈佛附近的房租奇贵无比，能租到一房一厅已经是相当不错了，3）房当然是被两个宝贝女儿占了，4）患难夫妻只好在厅里摆了一张沙发床，每天搬上搬下，5）厨房是在厅里的，我们这张床其实就在炉子边上，感觉好像是住在厨房里的老佣人。
6）先生的博士论文，就在厨房里的沙发床上想出来的，7）每到夜深人静，他就躺在沙发床上，半醒半睡地想公式。8）我从来没弄清他到底是醒着着还是睡着了，不敢开灯，想在饭桌上写文章就办不到了。
9）卧室里倒是有张书桌，先生不躺在沙发床上时，就地直霸占着这张书桌，等到书桌空出来，儿女已经入睡，卧室里又处于宵禁状况。10）躲到哪儿去写作呢？11）只有厕所了，我把马桶盖上，当成一个小书桌人蹲在地上，一个字一个字地写，一篇短文下来，腿已发麻了。12)这样辛苦出来，大部分被退稿不说，如果第二天不幸被我女儿翻出来当了玩具，就永远胎死腹中了。
“W. C. Literature”
1）Life is very tough for overseas students studying in America, especially for those who are over thirty and encumbered with two children.
2）The rent near Harvard is forbiddingly high. To be able to afford one bedroom and one living room is enviable enough. 3）The former is of course the territory for our two dear daughters. 4）Being financially embarrassed, my husband and I have to content ourselves with sleeping in a sofa-bed in the living room. 5）Our kitchen being located there, the bed is in fact close to the stove, giving us the odd feeling that we are a pair of old servants quartered in that lowly place.
6）And it is in this piece of furniture that my better half designed his doctoral dissertation. 7）Every night be would lie in the bed half asleep and half awake thinking out his formulas. 8）Never being able to figure out in which state he was, I couldn’t switch on the light, thus eliminating the possibility of my writing at the dining table.
9）There is a desk in the bedroom, which is his colony when he is not occupying the sofa. When he withdraws from the lone position, the children are already fast asleep, necessitating the enforcement of a total blackout.10）Where can I entrench myself for my literary cerebrations? 11）There’s only the W. C. ! where I’ll go. I’ll let down the lid, making it serve as a mini-desk. There I’ll squat down and start composing. Finishing one short essay thus is enough to benumb both of my legs. 12)It the next day my daughters should happen to find the manuscripts and make toys with them, my brain-child would be still-born, not to mention the fate of rejection that will befall most of the contributions that are fortunate
enough to escape the fate of destruction.
13．盲人挑灯
1) 一个漆黑的夜晚，一个苦行僧走到一个荒僻的村落中，他看见有一盏晕黄的灯正从巷道的深处静静地亮过来，身旁的一位村民说：“孙瞎子过来了。”2)苦行僧百思不得其解，一个双目失明的人，挑起一盏灯笼岂不可笑？3)僧人于是问：“敢问施主，既然你什么也看不见，那你为何挑一盏灯笼呢？”4)盲人说：“现在是黑夜吗？我听说黑夜里如果没有灯光的映照，那么满世界的人都和我一样是盲人，所以，我就点燃了盏灯。”
5)僧人若有所悟地说：“原来您是为别人照明呀？”6)但那盲人却说：“不，我是为自己！”
7)盲人问僧人，你是否因为夜色漆黑而被其他行人碰撞过？但我就没有。虽说我是盲人，但我挑了这盏灯笼，既为别人照亮了路，也让别人看到了我而不会碰撞我了。
A Blind Man with A Lantern
1)One moonless night an itinerant monk wandered into a desolate village. Suddenly he descried a dim yellow light moving noiselessly towards him from the far end of a long lane. A villager close by told him, “Here comes Blindman Sun.”
2)The monk was much bewildered at the sight. Isn’t it ridiculous for a sightless person to carry a lantern? 3)Thereupon he asked, “Excuse me, sir, may I ask why you are carrying a lantern when you are visually challenged?”
4)“Is it night now?” the visionless man asked. After getting satisfied in that particular,
he explained, “I’m told that without any illumination, people throughout the world would all be groping in the dark, therefore I’ve a lighted lantern with me.”
5)Seeming to have been enlightened somewhat, the religious man exclaimed. “So, sir, you’re lighting up the way for others?”
6)“No, for myself,” was the unexpected answer.
7)“Have you ever been bumped into by other pedestrians in the street because of utter darkness?” the differently-abled man querried. After getting an affirmative answer, he said, “But I’ve never. I have no vision, but, holding a lantern, I not only help the people see the way, but also myself, so that I won’t get knocked down.”
14．做人
1)母亲病了，住在医院里，我去守护她。
2) 很多人来探望母亲，他们带来各种各样的水果和补品。每一个人来，母亲都说：“你有心来探望我这把老骨头，我就很感激了；怎么能再让你破费？快把东西带回去给小孩吃。”
3)那些人自然不会把东西带回去。母亲叫我把东西硬塞回他们的怀里，可他们鬼机灵地把东西扔在桌子上就跑了。
4)母亲吃不了那么多水果和补品，就叫我也吃，一边看我吃，一边问：“好吃吗？”
5)我说：“好吃。”
6)过了两天，表哥来看望我的母亲，表哥手里空空的，没有水果，也没有补品，可是他临走时掏出一张百元大钞放在母亲的枕头边。7)母亲赶紧捡起钱，要还给表哥。8)表哥转身就走，母亲把钱递给我，指着表哥的背景说：“快。”
9)我接过钱去追表哥，追出很远才追上。10)表哥死活不肯要回钱。我硬把钱放在他的口袋里说：“快收下，别惹我妈生气。”
11)表哥摇摇头，无可奈何地说：“大姨这个人，心太好。”
12)我完成任务回到病房，母亲仰身半坐地问：“你表哥要不要？”
13)“他哪里肯要，我硬放进他口袋里去。”
14)母亲的头落回到枕头上，她不再说话，好久，才长长地叹了一口气。15)我赶紧凑到床前问：“你哪里不舒服？”
16)母亲伸出枯瘦的手抚摸我的脸说：“你几时才学会做人？”
17)我惶恐地问：“我哪里做错了？”
18)母亲抿抿嘴，似笑非笑地说：“我是你表哥的大姨，病成这个样子了，他给一百块钱不应该吗？”
19)我恍然大悟，转身再去追表哥。20)母亲一把拉住我的衣摆说：“你又错了。”
Learn the Ways of the World
1)My mother was hospitalized and I was often at her bed-side, looking after her.
2)She had lots of visitors, who invariably came with different kinds of fruit and tonics. Invariably she would decline thus, “I’m thankful enough to you for coming to see me. How can I bear to see you go to such expenses for my sake? Come on! Take those things back with you for your kids.”
3)Naturally, no caller would accept her suggestion, and mother would ask me to press the presents back into the hands of the guests, who would very cleverly leave the things on the table and quickly get away.
4)Not being able to consume so many nice things all by herself, she would invite me to share with her, and watching me eating, she would ask, “Aren’t they delicious?”
5)“Yes, they are, they are.”
6)Two days later, my elder male cousin on mother’s side came to see her, empty-handed. But before he left, he produced a one-hundred-yuan banknote and put it beside Mother’s pillow. 7)She hurriedly picked it up as a gesture of declination.8) My cousin quickly turned and left the ward. Mother handed the money to me, and pointing to his receding figure, and said, “Quick!”
9)I went after him with the money. It took me a long time before I intercepted him. 10)He simply wouldn’t take it back, but I succeeded in stuffing the banknote right into his pocket. “Take it back, please,” I said, “or my mother’ll be very angry.”
11)“Auntie indeed has a heart of gold,” my cousin said in admiration, which was emphasized with a resigned movement of the head.
12)Having carried out mother’s injunction, I returned to her side. She half rose from her lying position and asked, “Did he take it back?”
13)“No, he wouldn’t. I jammed it into his pocket.”
14)Mother’s head dropped back onto the pillow. She was silent for a long, long moment, and then let out a deep, deep sigh.15) I hurried over to the head of her bed and inquired concernedly, “Are you OK?”
16)She stroked my face with her emaciated hand and muttered, “When ever will you learn the ways of the world?”
17)“Have I done anything wrong?” I asked in trepidation.
18)Trying hard to compose her features into a smile, she let me into her thoughts. “I’m seriously ill. Shouldn’t he, my nephew, give me 100 yuan?”
19)Thoroughly enlightened as to her real intentions, I wheeled about, ready to catch my cousin again.20) She stopped my by gripping the hem of my coat, and murmured, “You’re wrong again.”
15．当代人生启示录
思想
1)人与人之间最本质的区别不在于服饰和外貌，而在于思想。
2)我们没有见过孔子，也没有见过老子和庄子。3)但是，我们却可以毫不费力地就把孔子、老子和庄子区分开来，而我们区分他们的依据就是他们的思想。
4)思想的特点可以说是一个人最大的特点。
5)每个人的思想都是不一样的。6)对于那些善于思想、长于思想的人来说，他们的思想就更为独特。7)他们的思想蕴含着他们对人生，对这个世界的根本看法。
8)人的最伟大和最高贵之处其实就在于会思想。
9)在思想中，人可以获得更强大、更健全、更完整、更深刻的自我。
10)我们应该学会思想，并在生活中始终坚持思想。
Learn to Think
1)The most essential difference between one person and another lies not in apparel or appearances, but in mind.
2)None of us has seen Confucius, or Lao-tzu, or Zhuang-tzu (369-286 B. C.) 3)However, we can easily distinguish these philosophers. The distinction is based on their different thinking.
4)What characterizes one’s thoughts might be said to be his most outstanding feature.
5)Ways of thinking vary from one individual to another. 6)These who enjoy the advantage of being good at using their brains might show originality of thought. 7)Their thoughts reflect their fundamental views on life and on this world of ours.
8)As a matter of fact, the greatest and noblest quality of humans is their ability to ruminate.
9)In the course of his rumination, a person can arrive at a stronger and sounder self with greater perfectness and more depth.
10)Hence, the need to learn to think and to make constant use of this speciality.
( II 英译汉部分）
1. Pollution
1) Pollution is a problem because man, in an increasingly populated and industrialized world, is upsetting the environment in which he lives. 2) Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 3) Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life. 4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air, water and land. 5) This rise in population is accompanied by the
desire of more and more people for a better standard of living. 6) Thus still greater demands for electricity, water and goods result in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of. 7) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.
8) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.
译文:
1）污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。2）许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。3）现在人们以怀疑的态度看待“发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。4）人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。5）伴随着人口增长的是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。6）于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。7）这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。
8）许多人认为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种损害。
2．Intelligent Test
1) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term “intelligence” than there is on how to interpret or classify them（还原性增补）. （分译
法） 2) But it is generally agreed （改为主动句）that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems（调整语序）. 3) An intelligence test is a rough measure （转译成动词）of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. 4) It （还原性增补）does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. 5) It is not supposed—it was（语言结构增补） not designed for such purposes. 6) To criticize it（还原性增补）for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 7) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects （确定词义）provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison（分译法）.
译文:
1）人们对智力所指的有那些不同表现看法比较一致，而对这些表现如何进行解释和分类，意见就不那么一致了。2）但人们一般认为智力高的人在处理问题时能抓住要点，善于区分，能进行逻辑推理，和利用语言和数学符号。3）智力测试只能粗略地衡量孩子的学习能力，尤其是学习学校要求的东西的能力。4）智力测试并不能衡量一个人的个性，社会适应力，耐力性，劳动技能，或艺术才能。5）人们不认为能做到这些，当初也不是为这些目的设计的。6）批评智力测试不能做到这一些，就如同批评温度计不能测风速一样。7）既然对智力的评估是相对而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比较。
Problem with Educational System
1) There are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography, but I
have never seen any good jobs for Geography graduates advertised. 2) Or am I alone in suspecting that they will return to teach Geography to another set of students, who in turn will teach more Geography undergraduates? 3) Only ten universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering, which perhaps is just as well, in view of the
speed with which the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. 4) On the other hand, hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close down because of the lack of doctors. 5) The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply.
dispense with v. 裁减人员
6) It seems to me that time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.
[注释]
the Department of Employment 就业部
the Department of Education 教育部
译文:
1）目前全国有39所大学开设地理学位课程，但我从未看到广告上有招聘地理专业的大学毕业生的好工作。2）或是不是只有我一个人怀疑他们将回到学校教另一批学生的地理，而这些学生将来又去教更多的学生的地理？3）现在只有10所大学开设航天工程学位课程，考虑到飞机制造业一直在裁员的速度，还是这样做好。4）另一方面，由于缺少医生，全国的医院急诊室不得不纷纷关门。5）为什么？因为大学的医学院只能为申请攻读学位的一半人提供名额。
6）对我说来，时机已经成熟，就业部和教育部应当和各大学携手起来，改革我们的教育制度，使之更珍惜地使用学位的人才资源，学生的刻苦勤奋精神。而现在这些人才和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的文凭和学位上。
4. Novelists
1) But if the open air and adventure mean everything to Defoe they mean nothing to Jane Austen. 2) Here is the drawing room, and people talking, and by the many mirrors of their talk revealing their characters. 3) And if, when we have accustomed ourselves to the drawing room and its reflections, we turn to Hardy, we are once more spun around. 4) The moors are round us and the stars are above our heads. 5) The other side of the mind is now exposed—the dark side that comes uppermost in solitude, not the light side that shows in company. 6) Our relations are not towards Nature and destiny. 7) Yet different as these worlds are, each is consistent with itself. 8) The maker of each is careful to observe the laws of his own perspective, and however great a strain they may put upon us they will never confuse us, as lesser writers so frequently do, by introducing two different kinds of reality into the same book.
译文:
1）如果说旷野和历险对笛福的小说是主题，那么对奥斯丁小说就毫无意义。2）她的小说是客厅和客厅中闲聊的人们。他们的谈话像一面面镜子，反映出他们的性格。3）当我们熟悉了奥斯丁的客厅和反映出来的事物后再去读哈代的小说，又得转向另一个世界。4）周围茫茫荒野，头顶一片星空。5）此时心态的另一面被揭示出来：不是聚会结伴时显示出来的轻松一面，而是孤独时最容易萌生的忧郁阴沉。6）和我们接触的也不是人，而是自然和命运。7）这些作家描写的世界是完全不同的，但它们都自然一体。8）每个世界的创造者都小心翼翼遵循自己观察事物的法则，不管他们的作品读起来是如何的费力，却不会像二流作家那样，把两种完全不同的世界塞进同一本书，让人感到不知所云。
5. The Law of Competition
1) Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently. 2) The price which society pays for the law, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is great, but the advantages of this law are also greater than its cost—for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development, which brings improved conditions in its train. 3) But, whether the law be benign or not, we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. 4) We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential to the future progress of the race.
译文:
1）在竞争的法则下，上万人的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施，其中节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。2）社会为这个法则付出的代价如同低廉的舒适条件和奢侈品付出的代价一样是巨大的。但带来的好处超过了代价，因为正是这个法则，我们才有了了不起的物质进步，其结果是生活水平的提高。3）担是，不管这个法则是好是坏，我们无法回避，对任何建议替代它的新东西，其作用我们是不敢肯定的，虽然这个法则有时对个人来说可能很残酷，但对人类来说是好的，因为它确保每个领域里适者生存。4）我们接受并欢迎环境上的不平等，接受并欢迎让工商业经营集中在少数人的手里，接受和欢迎他们之间存在竞争的法则，我们把所有这一切看成是我们必须适应的条件，看成对人类未来的进步不仅有益，而且是很有必要的。
6. Key to Success in Business
1) Every successful business is built on superior senses—of timing, opportunity, responsibility, and, not infrequently, humor. 2) None, however, is more critical than the ability to sense the market. 3) A senior executive’s instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the single most important skill he or she can use to direct technologies, product and service offerings, indeed, all elements of a company’s strategic posture. 4) People like Bill Gates brought this ability to the enterprises they founded. 5) Without it, their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less successful. 6) But many top-level mangers, particularly those at industrial companies, consider customer contact the bailiwick of sales and marketing staff. 7) And even if they do believe that market focus is a priority, most retain only limited contact with consumers as their organizations grow, relying instead on subordinates’ reports—second-or-third-hand information—to define and sense the market for them.
[注释]
Bill Gates 比尔·盖茨，美国微软公司董事长
bailiwick 工作，事
译文:
1）每一个成功的工商企业都是建立在一些卓越的意识之上的，即懂得审时度势，抓住机遇，承担责任，并不乏幽默感。2）但这一切都没有比对市场了解的能力更为重要。3）高级管理人员的一个非常重要的本事是能很自然地设身处地为客户着想，并从他们那里获得真知灼见。他们利用这种能力来指导技术、产品和售后服务，乃至公司战略计划的各个方面。4）比尔·盖茨之类的成功者就曾把这种本事带进他们各自创立的企业中。5）没有这种能力，他们的事业或许只是昙花一现，至少没有像今天这样成功。6）但是许多高层经理，特别是工业公司的高层经理，把与顾客接触看成是销售和市场营销人员的事。7）即便他们确实也认为市场是公司的重心，但随着公司的发展，他们中大多数人也只与消费者保持十分有限的接触而已。他们判断和把握市场，依赖于下属送来的报告，即二手、三手的材料。
7. The Policy of Mass Media
1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. 2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. 3) The disinclination to suggest real choice, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. 4) The organs of the Establishment, however well—intentioned they may be, have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so
affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt. 5) They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life.
译文:
1）生活中充满了作为公民或个人必须作出决定的问题。2）但在媒体中却不经常见到有反映作出这些决定的真实难度，也没有反映作出这些决定给他们带来的令人烦恼的难题。3）媒体不愿给出明确答案不只简单是一种取乐于顾客的广告手段。4）各种社会权力机构，尽管初衷可能是好的，都有自己的既得利益，确保社会的稳定，它们会设法影响新闻工作者，让他们不知不觉制作出的节目或写出的文章不痛不痒，不触及到问题的实质，虽然也装模作样地搞些辩论和调查。5）他们揭露问题往往只是在民主社会可以接受的老一套观点内进行。既不对这些老一套的观点表示出一点过激的疑问，在把它们写到现代生活的专栏时也尽量不让各方面感到难堪。
8. The American and the English
1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots in the obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English. 2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order, and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report. 3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions, their whole lives were regulated,
perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards, by a regard for precedent. 4) The Americans, though partly of the same blood, have felt no such restrain, and acquired no such habit of conformity. 5) On the contrary, they have plunged to the other extreme, for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring, and so they acquired that character of restlessness, that impatience of forms, that disdain of the dead hand, which now broadly marks them.
译文:
1）许多本质上的不同造成了美语从英语中分出来，而主要的不同是两种语言根植于两个完全不同的社会环境和文化传统。自17世纪来，美国人和英国人在这两方面的差异十分明显。2）英国人相对说来生活在一个相对稳定的社会秩序里。这种秩序铭刻在他们心灵里的是对习惯上和名誉上的东西有一种特有的尊敬。3）虽然第一次世界大战改变了他们大多数的风俗习惯，但在这之前，他们的全部生活，或许比其他任何民族的生活，除西班牙人，都更受到先例的制约。4）而虽然美国人中一部分的祖先是英国人，但他们没有这种约束。也没有这种一致性习惯的要求。5）相反，他们走到了另一个极端，因为他们国家的生活状况使他们看重的是好奇和冒险这恰恰相反的品质，这样他们养成的是不安现状，厌烦形式主义，藐视旧势力的影响的个性。这些个性在他们身上普遍反映出来。
9. Specialisations in Sciences
1) One must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous numbers of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. 2) Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to
become aware of what is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other in conferences. 3) From these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost schemes of cooperation. 4) But as the specializations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there has been an opposite movement towards interdisciplinary studies. 5) These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent advantages in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. 6) This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disciplines, and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.
[注释]
specialisations 专门学科
译文:
1）必须认识到在各门科学中出现了许许多多的分支学科，这些学科通过开拓高精尖研究的领域，产生了一大批他们有着自己特别课题的专家。2）与此同时出现了越来越多的学术专刊，这就使得学者们可以了解其他地方的研究情况，并在国际大会上碰头交流。3）这种接触产生了他们个人之间的友谊，继而出现了几乎所有的合作计划。4）但是随着分支学科和专家的数量越来越多，研究的范围越来截止狭窄，出现了另一种相反的倾向，这就是跨学科的研究。5）这主要基于这样一种看法：由于现代世界的发展和单一学科的狭窄领域方面的研究进展，出现了一些极其复杂的难题，而单凭一两人是不能对它们进行很好的研究的。6）这种跨学科研究倾向的结果是加强了各学科间的学术联系，和更重视了各专家知识的交流。这可以从许多国际会议所选择的广泛的研究课题中看出。
10. The Choice of Life
1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment. 2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with good will. 3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country. 4) I respect them; they are good citizens, good husbands, and good fathers, and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting. 5) I am fascinated by the men, few enough in all conscience, who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking. 6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will, but at all events we have the illusion of it. 7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and, the choice once made, it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.
译文:
1）对大多数人来说，生活是由环境决定的。2）他们在命运拔弄面前，不仅逆来顺受，甚至还能随遇而安。3）这些人犹如街上的有轨电车，满足于在自己的轨道上运行，而对于那些不时在车流中进进出出，和欢快地奔驶在旷野上的摩托车不屑一顾。4）我尊重这些人：他们是守法的公民，尽职的丈夫，慈祥的父亲。当然，总得有人交纳税款，可是我并不觉得他们使人振奋。5）另有一些人把生活掌握在自己手里，似乎在按照自己的意愿创造生活，尽管这样的人的确寥寥无几，他们却深深地吸引了我。6）或许生活中没有可按自己意愿干的事，但不管如何，它确实存在我们的幻想中。7）站在十字路口，我们确实似乎可在左右两条道路中任选其一。一旦选定后，很难认识到，那实际是世界历史整个进程左右了我们的选择。
Part III
( TEM 8 )
翻译是TEM8 考试的项目之一。这个项目要求学生在60分钟内完成英译汉与汉译英各一篇短文的翻译。英语和汉语短文的长度各为150字/词左右。讲座分以下两个方面介绍翻译项目。
一． 考试要求
《英语专业高年级教学大纲》（外语教学与研究出版社，1990）对八级翻译提出明确、具体的要求：进一步通过英汉两种语言对比，掌握英译汉、汉译英的理论和技巧（第6页）。按照教学大纲的基本精神，《八级考试大纲》对翻译项目作了如下要求：汉译英项目要求应试者运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍，以及一般文学作品的节录。速度为每小时约250汉字。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺。
翻译考试，顾名思义，是要求学生进行英汉、汉英互译，注重翻译理论与技巧的运用。但是，它实际上也是一种综合能力测试项目，检查学生运用进行两种语言对比的能力。翻译不是简单、机械地将一种语言符号转换成另一种语言符号的过程，而是一个多种能力因素相互作用的过程。除了必要的翻译技巧之外，这个过程涉及对两种语言的理解能力，对两种语言规范的熟悉、掌握程度，对两种语言文化背景的了解程度，等等。因此，翻译项目对学生的要求不是仅仅停留在翻译理论、技巧的了解之上，而是在翻译过程中综合能力的运用之上。
二． 考试注意事项
TEM8 翻译考试对译文的要求是1、忠实原文 2、语言通顺。
1． 忠实原文
翻译的功能是将原有的文字资料转换成另一种语言，从而使读者用熟悉的语言了解原本用另一种语言表述的信息。鉴于此，衡量译文的一个重要标准就是扑克其所转换的信息是否准确，是否忠实于原文。译者对原文的把握。如果在这方面出现偏差，译文就会与原文有出入，也就很难做到忠实于原文。
在TEM8翻译考试中，尤其是在英译汉有项目中，对原文的理解是按照要求完成翻译的第一步。学生拿到试卷后，应先仔细阅读原文，尽可能地全面领会原文的意思、语气、风格等。特别是要注意原文中的难点，因为这些难点的翻译常常关系到译文能否忠实于原文的问题。在历年的TEM8翻译考试中，学生一般能正确译出原文中较为容易理解的句子；而在翻译一些需动脑筋的句子时，他们就较容易错译或误译原文/句。请看下列例子：
1997年英译汉中的第一句是Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. （参考译文：欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈的享受：你必须为此支付昂贵的票价。）原句并不长，但是一个翻译难点，尤其是后半句中的that, much。对此句的不同理解导致了翻译中出现各种译法。
1） 手术是很费钱的，这是不可避免的。
（评语：考生把原文中的opera 误看成operation，故翻出来的句子与原文相差甚远。）
2） 看歌剧是件相当奢侈的事情，而且也只能如此。
（评语：理解较为贴近原文意思，故基本上译出原句的含义。）
3） 歌剧的确是昂贵的，但那是不可避免的。
（评语：把两句译成了原文中未有的对比关系了。）
4） 戏剧费用昂贵，而且必不可少。
（评语：opera应为歌剧。“费用”含义模糊——不知译者指的是“票价”，还是“演出开支”。此外，“必不可少”与原文有出入。）
5） 歌剧需要大笔金钱，这一点是必然的。
（前半句犯有类似4）的译汉错误。）
1998年英译汉的项目中有一句为：Kinship yields to a sudden alienation.（参考译文亲族般的密切关系被突然的疏远盖过了。）忠实于原句的关键在于根据上下文正确理解原意。请看下列不同的译法。
1） 其总会屈服于突然的联合。
（评语：完全误解原文。）
2） “亲戚“的关系一下子分裂开来。
（评语：对原句的理解基本正确，但中文表达不太通顺。）
3） 熟悉的亲缘关系最终还是被突然的外族隔离所取代。
（评语：问题在于alienation的翻译。除此之外，理解基本正确，且汉语较为通顺。）
4） 家族性向一个突如其来的异化妥协了。
（评语：实际上是生硬的逐字翻译，未根据下上文译出原句的含义。）
综上所述，在翻译中对原文的正确理解是使译文在语气、含义、风格上与原文保持一致的关键所在。
2． 语言通顺
质量高的译文除了忠实于原文外，在语言在也要力求做到通顺。具体地说，就是所译语言要符合规范、行文自然、流畅，不带有过多生硬翻译的痕迹。就英译汉而言，译文应该断句恰当，句式正确，选词妥贴，段与段、句与句之间呼应自然，有一定文采。对于汉译英来说，要求译文的句式处理恰当，选词妥贴，英语比较地道。
在TEM8翻译考试里，语言通顺对汉译英项目来说尤为重要。译文英语不地道，不仅将失去原文的文体风格，而且还会误转原意。请看这方面的几个例子。
1997年汉译英中有一句为：我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。（参考译文：My supervisor is an Asian, a bad tempered heavy smoker and drinker.）
1) My tutor came from an Asian family. He was bad tempered and loved smoking and drinking.
2) My tutor was an Asian descendant, who was addicted to cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. His temper was hot.
3) My tutor was an Asian descendant, who liked smoking and drinking. He had a hot temper.
从原文中可以看出，“嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁”是导师的两大特点，在翻译中应显示出其内在的并列关系。而上述译法中，除了1）在翻译中转达了原意之外，其他译法都把这两点分裂开来。另外，1）句式排列较为平衡，语言读来也相对比较通顺、自然。2）和3）在句与句的衔接上不够自然，特别是第二句显得突兀，因此有不流畅之感。
1999年汉译英中有一句为：加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3，000万。（参考译文：Canada is a vast, sparsely populated country with its land area larger than that of China, and a population under 30 million.）
1）nada has vast land but a small number of people. It occupies more area than China does, but has only a population less than 30 million.
（评语：没有按照英语句式的特点来组织译文，而是根据原文句子的排列顺序逐字逐句地硬翻。结果是句子不连贯通顺。个别处用词不确切，如：a small number of people。）
2）Canada has a large land but with little population. The national land is even larger than China. But the population is less than 30 million.
（评语：存在与上句类似的毛病。）
3) Canada is a country of remote land and small population, with its territory even bigger than China while its population is less than 30 million.
（评语：翻译上存在一些问题，如：冠词的遗漏；while的句子不平衡。但是它试图超越原文句式框架，贴近英文句式的表达方式。）
因篇幅有限，仅在此举上述两例。从例子中我们可以看出，学生在语言通顺方面仍存在一些问题。一个较为普遍的现象是在翻译过程中缺乏对译文语言地道表达方法的考虑，而是仅仅停留在对原文进行逐字逐句翻译的水平上。这样产生的译文，即使在意思上与原文可能保持一致，也无法体现原有的文体风格等。此外，逐字逐句翻译的结果是句式变化少，大量的句子为简单句，因而句与句之间显得不连贯，行文不流畅。另一较为普遍的问题是用词不当或不确切。
如前所述，翻译考试是一种综合能力考试，而这种能力考试并非一朝一夕即可形成。要提高学生的翻译水平，须平时注重训练指导。鉴于在TEM8翻译考试中反映出来的一些问题，笔者以为在平时的翻译教学中应重视以下几点：
1） 强化两种语言对比的意识，加深对两种语言结构不同点的认识；
2） 加强对语言文化背景知识的了解；
3） 加强翻译理论及技巧的教学，强调理论与技巧的运用；培养学生熟练运用各种翻译技巧的意识与能力；
4） 加强学生语言基本功的训练，提高语言表达能力，提高语言的准确性，注重语言的得体性。
样题1
Section A Chinese to English
1990年5月，联合国经社理事会通过决议，将于1995年举行一次妇女问题世界会议。根据联合国在各区域轮流举办大会的习惯做法和广大发展中国家的期望，我国外交部部长钱其琛1991年1月28日致函联合国秘书长，邀请1995年在北京举行第四次世界妇女大会。钱外长在信中说，“亚洲是妇女人数最多的大陆，中国又是世界上妇女最多的国家，因此，在中国举办这次会议是合适的。”钱外长还表示，“中国政府也愿意担任非政府组织论坛的东道国，它是妇女问题会议的辅助会议”。 1992年3月联合国妇女地位委员会第36届会议决定：感谢并接受中国政府的邀请，第四次世界妇女大会定于1995年9月4日至15日在北京召开，会期为10个工作日：会议主题：以行动谋求平等、发展与和平，次主题为卫生、教育和就业。此外，所有联合国会员国，联合国各专门机构及有关组织的代表将以观察员身份出席会议。预计届时将有上万人云集北京。
In May 1990, the UN Economic and Social Council passed a resolution that a world conference on women would be held in 1995. In line with the UN custom of alternating conference venues between regions and to meet the expectations of developing countries, Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen wrote to the UN secretary-general on January 28, 1991, offering to host the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women FWCW in Beijing. In his letter, the foreign minister said that since Asia is the continent with the greatest number of women and China has the world’s largest population of women, it would be appropriate for China to host the meeting. Qian also noted that the Chinese government was willing to be the host country for the Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO) Forum held as an adjunct to the conference.
In March 1992, the 36th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women gratefully accepted the invitation of the Chinese government and decided to schedule the conference from September 4 to 15, 1995, in Beijing. To last for 10 working days, the meeting will foster
the themes of equality, development and peace through action, along with the subsidiary subjects of health, education and employment. Moreover, all UN member states, representatives of UN special bodies and related organizations will attend as observers. It is estimated that about 10, 000 people will gather in Beijing for the conference and forum.
Section B English to Chinese
Thanks to the geek aesthetic of the high-tech industry, the work-in-your-jammies home office movement in today’s low unemployment hiring environment, business causal wear has taken off in a big way. And employers are increasingly tweaking dress policies in order to relax them. Traditionally, industries like media, fashion, information technology and advertising tend to be casual, while law, banking, accountancy and the service industry lean towards the conservative. But since technicians have taken over the world, techno-entrepreneur fashion has suddenly become popular. So its out with stuffy suits and court shoes, and in with trousers and funky trainers.
And suddenly everyone—including bastions of conservatism like banks—is jumping on the bandwagon to look hip rather than Establishment. Tracy De Rozario from human resources consultant. Business Trends, feels that loosening dress codes has been a good thing. “People are generally more productive if they are relaxed and comfortable,” she says.
According to an Asian woman’s website poll, more than half of the respondents suggested that the new economy dress code should be comfortable. Even employers agree with that.
While the trend toward business casual has spelled more comfort, for some, it’s meant more confusion. Take Adeline Foo’s case, for example. She works in the accounts department of a bank. When the bank relaxed its dress codes, she turned up for work in Capri pants and a tee shirt, but was later informed by the human resource department that it was not appropriate. 在现今这个高就业率的经济环境下于高科技业界怪异的品味，以及穿着睡衣在家上班的潮流所趋，使得上班穿便装大行其道。公司方面也不断作出调整，使着装政策更为宽松。传统上，媒体、时装、信息技术和广告等行业着装趋于宽松，而法律、金融财会以及服务业则偏于保守。而现在随着科技人员的一统天下，时尚也突然变得唯科技业界马首是瞻。
保守的正装与高跟鞋被扔到一边，取而代之的是长裤和时髦的球鞋。一时之间，所有人——包括诸如银行业等保守派堡垒行业中人也开始赶起流行时尚，大家的着装都是宁愿时髦不要权威。《商务时尚》人力资源顾问Tracy De Rozarjo认为公司放宽着装政策是件好事。她表示：“一个人如果处于一种放松与舒适的状态，工作起来一般就会更有效率。”
亚洲一家女性网站做了一项调查，参加调查的人半数以上都认为新经济时代的着装应该以舒适为标准。就连公司方面也同意这一观点。
办公室着便装的时尚确实带来了舒适，但同时也令不少人感到困惑。Adejne Foo就是其中之一。她在一家银行的会计部门工作，银行放松着装政策之后，她便穿着卡普里裤和T恤去上班，可随后人力资源部门便通知她这样着装并不适宜。 样题2
Section A Chinese to English
认识柏杨之前，听到他的名字，就心惊肉跳，想象中他是一位坐过九年多政治牢，手持钢刀，春吐利剑的人物，和他交往，就像鸡蛋碰石头，不可能有共同语言。可是，认识之后，他给我的印象和想象中完全不一样。他谈吐温婉有礼、身体健康、性情爽朗，我甚至觉得他聪明敏捷、机智幽默，几乎襄括了我所有赞美的形容词。所以，当有一天我呼啸着说：“我不知道能给你什么，你才从牢狱里出来，不能再受任何打击……”柏所的反应像闪电一样快，他说：“我从不怕任何打击！”这句话使我一震，几乎就在同时，我已决定要嫁给他，他这句话的反应，也使我以为他的语言精彩、生动感人。
可是，结婚后这十几年，最令我紧张的，却正是他的语言表达力——尤其他在讲台上时。每次，听他把一个生动的主题叙述得冗长拖沓，恹恹欲睡：或将一个可以深入的命题稀里糊涂，轻松带过，我都急得两眼于瞪，恨不得跳上台去替他讲。我尽量避开他的演讲，连1984年在美国爱荷华大学，因是我对他的演讲一直抱着这样一种态度：一个人丢人，比全家丢人好。
作为一个丈夫，柏杨这个男人心胸真是够开阔大方的。他曾对我说：“你如果想和别人跳舞，就去跳。”因为我对跳舞的兴趣不高，所以，并没有放在心上。有一年，新加坡《联合早报》发行人黄锦西先生邀请我们到新加坡访问，到达的当晚，有盛大宴会。宴会中途，不知何故，柏杨灵机一动，忽然公开征问有没有人愿意带他的太太去夜总会跳舞。一时全场哑然，没有一个响应。不过令我更生气的事还在后头。下一站在吉隆坡，接受记者访问时，有人问他婚姻中最重要的条件是什么？他的答案是最奇特的两个字：“金钱。”事后，他向我解释他之所以这样答，因为，爱情当然重要，跟空气一样重要，没有空气，人就活不了，但，谁会说空气是婚姻中最重要的条件？而人心中都知道金钱重要，却没有人肯这么直率地谈这个问题。可是，他向我解释没有用，因为记者已替他在报上解释了，认为是柏杨自己的婚姻经验。我的结论是：柏杨是一个既浪漫而又实际的男人，只是，他常把浪漫和实际的时间、地点颠倒而已。
Before I met Bo Yang, merely the mention of his name would terrify me. I imagined that, after spending more than nine years in jail as a political prisoner, he must have become someone whose pen was like a sharp steel dagger and whose words were as penetrating as arrows. If I were to associate with him, it would be like an egg dashing itself against a rock. There would simply be no common language between us. But after we got to know each other, he was completely different from the person I had imagined. He was cultured and Rite, in good health, with an outgoing personality, not to mention bright, quick, witty, humorous—worthy of almost any of the laudatory adjectives in my vocabulary. So, one day when I said softly, “I don’t know what I can give you. You have just come out of prison. You mustn’t suffer any more pain…” Bo Yang’s reaction was as quick as lightning. “I’ve never been afraid of pain!” he said. His words jolted me, and almost in that instant I decided to marry him.
And his response made me realize that his language was masterful, vivid, and inspiring.
However, for these past dozen years or so after our marriage, what actually makes me most nervous is rather his lack of linguistic expressiveness, especially when he lectures. Every time he talks about an interesting subject in his characteristically verbose and tedious manner or when he brings up a topic that is really worth going into but then merely lackadaisically says a few perfunctory words about it, I get so not anxious that I wish I could jump onto the platform and speak for him. I try to avoid his public lectures. I was not even present at Iowa University in 1984 when he gave his sensational “Ugly Chinaman” lecture, which shocked both sides of the Taiwan Strait and gave rise to deep reflections on the Chinese culture. I was not there because my attitude toward his public lectures had always been that one member of the family losing face is better than him bringing humiliation upon
the whole family.
As a husband, Bo Yang is really open-minded. He once told me, “If you want to dance with another man, just go ahead.” Since I was not interested in dancing, I didn’t take this very seriously. Years ago, at the invitation of Mr. Huang Jinxi, publisher of Lianhe Zaobao in Singapore, we went to Singapore for a visit. On the evening of our arrival a grand banquet was held in our honour. In the middle of the banquet, for some reason Bo Yang suddenly had a whimsical idea. He openly asked those at the banquet if anyone would like to take his wife to a night club. The whole banquet hall fell silent. Not a single person responded. But an even more outrageous event was yet to come. The next stop was Kuala Lumpur. When asked at a press conference what was the most important factor in marriage, his answer was, surprisingly, “Money.” Afterwards he explained to me why he had answered the question in this way. He said that love is very important of course, as important as air itself, for without air no one can survive. But who will say that air is the most important factor in marriage? Everyone knows that money is important, yet no one is willing to talk about it frankly. However, his explanation was useless, because the reporter had already provided an explanation for him in the newspaper, saying that Bo Yang was summing up his own experience in marriage. My conclusion is: Bo Yang is a romantic and practical man, but he often exhibits his romanticism or practicality in the wrong place at the wrong time.
Section B English to Chinese
Being a good parent is harder now than it has ever been before. In pressurized modern lives, demands to be a fulfilled individual, and a good parent. We haven’t left space for the nurturing parents expect to provide and children need. As a result, many families in the
western world just don’t work.
Something will have to change. With luck, people in the future will only have children if they really want them. And that should mean that parenthood is seen as a much more positive commitment that it is now, and that parents are socially supported, and admired for doing a good lob.
The problem is that in the last generation or so we’ve come to assume that women should be able, and should want, to do everything that by tradition men have done at the same time as pretty well everything that by tradition women have done. And it’s just not possible. Indeed since adopting a male agenda in life is arguably only another form of submission, quite a number of highly educated and economically privileged women are now opting to take career breaks so as to be at home with their children for longer than that insulting 18 weeks. The most welcome trend in parenting is that men are participating more and more. Even that is not free of conflict, though. Intellectually, women want men to be equal parents and do their share. But there’s often a contradictory emotional sub-text because children are the last bastion of distaff power in the family. “I want him to help me but this is my territory and being better at it is one of the few things I’ve got as a female.” In truth, although they haven’t had generations of practice, there’s no reason why en can’t rear children as well as women. Men left to cope after bereavement or divorce, as well as some who take on the role of principal career within a partnership, are already doing it. 现在做个好父母比以往任何时候都要艰难。在压力重重的现代生活中，要做个实现自己抱负的人，
做个好伴侣和好雇员就无法做好父母。父母应给予孩子们悉心照料，孩子们也需要悉心照料，我们却无暇顾及。因此，西方国家的很多家庭根本就不像家庭。
有些事情是一定要改变的。但愿，将来人们只有真想要孩子时才会要。这应该意味着，人们对作父母承担的责任所持的态度将来要比现在肯定得多。这还意味着父母将因他们尽心尽责养育孩子而得到社会的支持和赞赏。
问题是，在过去的二、三十年里我们一直认定，妇女应当能够，而且想要，做到男人传统上做的一切，同时还要和女人传统上做的一切做得同样好。而这根本是不可能的。事实上，由于走男人的人生道路可以说是另一种形式的男尊女卑，许多受过高等教育以及经济地位优越的妇女都情愿有一段职业间歇，这样和孩子一起呆在家里的时间就能长一些，而不仅是那可怜的18周产假。
在养育孩子方面，出现了一个可喜的趋势——男人参与得越来越多。不过即使这样也并非毫无冲突。理智上女人希望男人也同样尽到养育的职责。但感情上常常又会有自相矛盾的潜台词，因为儿女是家庭中女性权力最后一座堡垒。
“我希望他来帮我，可这是我的‘地盘’，在养育孩子方面比他强是我作为女性的少数几项优势之一。”说实话，虽然他们没有代代相传养育儿女，但不能因此就说男人不如女人会养育孩子。丧偶或离婚后独立支撑局面的男人以及伴侣关系中担任主要照料人的那些男人已经在这样做了。 样题3
Section A Chinese to English
幸福可以被描绘成一种积极的情绪和一种愉快的心境。
根据最近的民意测验，百分之六十到七十的美国人认为他们自己基本上是幸福的；而每二十个人中有一个人认为自己非常不幸福。心理学家们一直在研究构成幸福的因素。幸福是不可预卜的，而一个处于表面上最理想的环境中的人也不一定就会幸福。理想的环境和他实际的感觉之间可能没有什么关系。
良好的教育和较高的收入通常被认为是幸福的必要条件。虽然二者都有助于一个人的幸福，但是只有在这个人严重地教育程度不足，或是实际上缺乏物质必需品的时候，它们才成为重要因素。
富人不一定就比中等收入的人、或是收入极低的人幸福。受过高等教育的人比高中都没有毕业的人略感幸福一些，人们认为这主要是因为他们有更多地机会掌握自己的命运。但是，受过高等教育并有高收入的人也许不如有同等收入但是没有受过高等教育的人幸福。
Happiness can be described as a positive mood and a pleasant state of mind.
According to recent polls sixty to seventy percent of Americans consider themselves to be moderately happy and one in twenty persons feels very unhappy. Psychologists have been studying the factors that contribute to happiness. It is not predictable nor is a person in an apparently ideal situation necessarily happy. The ideal situation may have little to do with his actual feelings.
A good education and income are usually considered necessary for happiness. Though both may contribute to a person’s happiness, they are only important factors if the person is seriously undereducated or actually suffering from lack of physical needs.
The rich are not likely to be happier than the middle-income group or even those
with very low incomes. People with college educations are somewhat happier than those who did not graduate from high school and it is believed that this is mainly because they have more opportunity to control their lives. Yet people with a high income and a college education may be less happy than those with the same income and no college education.
Section B English to Chinese
Did William Shakespeare smoke cocaine while composing his sonnets? While there is no proof the bard delved into narcotics, clay pipe fragments excavated from his Straford-upon-Avon home and of the 17th century period show conclusively that cocaine were smoked in Shakespeare’s England. The findings, published in the South African Journal of Science, also show hints of residues of cannabis or marijuana, but this has not been proven. The findings are certain to spark tantalizing speculation that England’s favorite writer may have been inspired to write his enduring classics while under the influence of narcotics. “There is some suggestive evidence in Shakespeare’s own writing,” said Dr. Francis Thackeray, a paleontologist who co-write the article and a distant relative of the famous 19th century English author. “In sonnet 76 he refers to a ‘noted weed’ which may have been a reference to cannabis. In the same sonnet, he refers to ‘compounds strange’ and the word compounds is a known reference to drugs. But I think Shakespeare, who may have experimented with these substances, is saying he would rather turn away from them. I would not read it as an endorsement of drug use.”
威廉·莎士比亚是一边吸着可卡因，一边写作十四行诗吗？虽然没有证据显示这位吟游诗人是一个病君子，在他的家乡艾汶河畔的斯特拉特福出土的17世纪粘土烟斗残片却无可辩驳地表明，在莎翁
时代的英格兰已经有人吸食可卡因。在南非的《科学》杂志上披露的这一发现还显示那里有大麻残渣存在的迹象，但这尚未得到证实。这一发现不免引人深思：英格兰最受人喜爱的作家也许是在迷幻药的作用下创作了他那些不朽篇章。该论文作者之一、19世纪英国著名作家威廉·萨克雷的远亲、占生物学家弗朗西斯·萨克雷博士说：“在莎士比亚自己的著作中就有一些暗示性的蛛丝马迹。他在第76首十四行诗中提到的一种‘有名的野草’可能是指大麻。同一首诗中还说到‘奇异的混合物’，众所周知，‘混合物’一词是迷幻药的代称。但我相信，虽然莎士比亚可能尝试过这些东西，他的意思是他宁愿离它们远远的。我不会把它看作是对使用毒品的认同。”
样题4
Section A Chinese to English
对人口统计数字本身的研究称“人口学”。所有发达国家现在都经常收集有关生育、结婚以及死亡方面的详细统计数字，每过一些年都要进行一次人口调查。全世界人口数字的变化编写起来要难办得多，因为许多不发达国家并不保持完整的记录。然而，《联合国人口年鉴》每年都公布一份可收集到的人口统计数字详表。
人口学家们根据对这些数字的认真研究，：对一个现代工业国家人口史上所发生的情形作出自己的描述。他们认为，就历史上大部分时期而论，人类总的说是死亡率高、出生率也高。死亡率高的原因可能在于杀婴、疫病流行或饥荒，而这种情况是传统的部落和农民社会所特有的。因为有大量婴儿出生与之保持平衡，人口的规模总是保持稳定。现代非洲各国的人口以及南美和亚洲大部分国家以前的人口即是过去可能存在的这种普遍情况的例子。在这些国家里，育龄组的人口占总人口中的很大比例。这就是说，与现代工业化国家相比，生育率非常之高，其原因不仅是因为妇女可能生育较多的子女，而且是由于育龄妇女所占的比例高得多。
The study of population statistics in themselves is called “demography”. All advanced countries now collect detailed statistics on births, marriages, and deaths, and every few years a census of the population is taken. World figures for population changes are much more difficult to compile because many underdeveloped countries do not keep complete records. However, a very detailed list of the available statistics is published every year in the United Nations Demographic Yearbook.
From a careful study of these figures, demographers have worked out a description of what they think happened in the history of the population of a modern industrial nation. Throughout most of human history, they believe, man has had a very high death-rate and a high birth-rate. The death-rate may have been due to infanticide, epidemic diseases or starvation, but it was typical of traditional tribal and peasant societies. Since it was balanced by large numbers of births, the size of the population remained stable. Modern populations in Africa, and much of South America and Asia, are examples of what may have been universal in the past. In these countries, a very large proportion of the population belongs to an age—group capable of becoming parents. This means that, compared with modern industrial countries, the birth-rate will be very high, not only because women have bigger families, but because the proportion of women capable of having children is also much higher.
Section B English to Chinese
1)China’s is a multi-ethnic country with a vast territory and a long history covering thousands of Years. It boasts of abundant tourist resources, with beautiful natural landscapes, numerous scenic spots and historic sites, and a rich splendid culture. 2)Since the introduction
of the reform and opening policy, China’s economy has seen sustained growth at an annual average rate of nearly 10 percent. There has been vigorous development in its various public undertakings and marked improvements in the people’s lives. All this has laid a solid foundation for a boom in the tourist sector. 3)China now enjoys political stability, economic development and a prosperous market. The Chinese government sticks to the reform and opening policy and development and a prosperous market. The Chinese government sticks to the reform and opening policy and is vigorously developing relations with various countries. These have also created favourable conditions for the development of tourism in China. 4)The Chinese government attaches great importance to the development of tourism and regards tourism as the top priority of its tertiary industry. It has made unremitting efforts to tap its tourist resources, improve its tourist facilities and upgrade its service quality, which have effectively promoted the speedy development of international and domestic tourism.5) In 1996, the number of overseas visitors China received amounted to more than 51 million and the number of domestic tourists to 640 million. With the improvement of the living standards of the Chinese people, the number of Chinese traveling abroad has gradually increased with each passing year, injecting new vitality to the development of world tourism.
The accelerate the development of tourism is an important part of the social and economic development plan worked out by the Chinese government for the last five years of this century and the first ten years of the efficient development of tourist scenic areas and the construction of coordinated facilities, strengthen management and provide civilized services, so as to speed up the development of international and domestic tourism.
1)中国是一个地域辽阔，有着数千年悠久历史的多民族国家，有着秀丽的自然风光、众多的名胜古迹和丰富多彩的灿烂文化，旅游资源十分丰富。2)改革开放以来，中国经济以年平均近10%的速度
持续增长，各项事业蓬勃发展，人民生活水平显著提高，为旅游业的兴旺奠定了坚实的基础。3)中国政治稳定，经济发展，市场繁荣，中国政府坚持对外开放，积极发展与世界各国的关系，也为旅游业的发展创造了极为有利的条件。4)中国政府十分重视旅游业的发展，将旅游业作为第三产业的重点，不断开发旅游资源，改善旅游设施，提高服务质量，促进了国际国内旅游业的快速发展。5)1996年，我国接待入境旅游者达5100多万人次，国内旅游人数达6．4亿人次。随着中国人民生活水平的提高，我国到国外旅行的人数也逐年增多，为国际旅游业的发展增添了新的活力。
在我国政府制定的本世纪最后五年和下世纪前十年的社会经济发展计划中，加快发展旅游业是一项重要内容。总的目标是，积极开发和充分利用旅游资源，搞好旅游景区开发和配套设施建设，加强管理，文明服务，加快国际旅游业和国内旅游业的发展。
样题5
Section A Chinese to English
历史著作中出现最多、最受赞颂的人是那些伟大的征服者、将军和军人。而真正推动文明前进的人则往往全然不被提及。我们不晓得是谁接好了第一条断腿，又是谁使第一艘船舶下海，也不晓得是谁最早算出了一年的时间之长，又是谁最先学会在田地里种地，但是我们对那些杀戮者和破坏者却熟悉得很。人们认为他们了不起，甚至在全世界各大城市里所有最高的石柱上都能看到征服者、将军或军人的雕像。而我则认为，多数人以为那些在战争中打败过最多的国家，且以征服者的地位统治这些国家的国家是伟大的，很可能它们是伟大的，但它们却并非是最文明的国家。动物互相格斗，野蛮人也互相撕杀。所以善于打仗也只是擅长于动物或野蛮人之所长，而这并不算是文明。即使精于教唆别人为你拼杀，教会别人如何把打仗打得出色——这也不过是征服者和将军们之所作所为，而并非文明行为。人们打仗是为了解决争端。打仗意味着杀人，文明人应当能够找到其他某种办法解决他们之间的争端，而不是去看哪一方能杀死另五方更多的人，然后就说杀人最多的一方得胜了，不仅得胜了，
而且因此成了正当的了。因为这就是进行战争的意义所在，所以战争的意义就是宣称了强权即公理。
Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or ploughed the field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest ills in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, hut they are not the most civilized. Animals fight; so do savages; hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done—is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized people ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by saying which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means, it means saying that might is right.
Section B English to Chinese
Camping has become the great pursuit of holiday-spending among an increasing number of young people. Camping as a way of spending a holiday has so much to offer. You
enjoy absolute freedom. You have none of the headaches of advance hotel booking or driving round and round a city at midnight looking for a room. There are no cold hotel breakfasts, no surly staff to tip. For a ludicrously small sum, you can enjoy comforts which few hotels could provide.
Modern camping sites are well equipped with hot and cold running water and even shops and dance floors. Low-cost holidays make camping an attractive proposition. But above all, you enjoy tremendous mobility. If you don’t like a place, or if it is too crowded, you can simply get up and look for a new location. Conversely, you can stay as long as you like. You’re the boss, after all.
It’s so exciting to arrive at a camp site, put up your tent and start getting a meal ready. You are active all the time and you are always close to nature. Imagine yourself beside some clear stream with mountains in the background. Night is falling, everything is peaceful—except for the delightful sound of chops sizzling in the pan! Camping provides you with a real change from everyday living. You get up earlier and go to bed earlier. You have enormous opportunity to meet people of various nationalities and to share your pleasures with them. For a few precious weeks in the year, you really adopt a completely different way of life. And that’s the essence of true recreation and real enjoyment.
野营已成了越来越多的年轻人所热衷的度假方式。作为一种度假方式野营的优点颇多，你可以享受绝对的自由，不必为预定旅馆而苦恼，也不必费神半夜开车四处寻找住所。你不必吃冷冰冰的旅馆早餐，不必付小费给乖戾的服务员。你只需交付一笔小得令人难以置信的费用，便可享受没有几家旅馆能够给予的舒适。
现代化的营地配置了冷热自来水，甚至还设有商店和舞场。低廉的花费使野营度假十分诱人，更为诱人的是野营业员度假的极大机动性。如果你不一喜欢某地，或者感到某地太拥挤，可即刻开拔，另觅新址。反过来说，你若喜欢某地，你只要愿意，便可一直住下去，毕竟你自己说了算嘛。
到达目的地后，安营扎寨，烹调饭菜，可真带劲。里里外外你忙个不停，可与大自然朝夕相处。想像一下自己的环境，脚踩清澈的小溪，背靠绵延的群山，夜幕徐徐降临，万物一片静籁，只有平底锅传来肉排吱吱作响声。野营给你的日常生活带来了一种全新的面貌。早起早睡，有众多机会结识各族人士，同享快乐，仅仅在这一年中珍贵的几周里，你事实上已采纳了一种与昔日完全不同的生活方式。这才是真正的娱乐，这才是真正的享乐。
样题6
Section A Chinese to English
在中国，许多女孩的父亲都不赞同自己的女儿在球场上疯跑，而孙雯的父亲孙宗高却有着不同的想法。
孙雯与米好·海姆的球衣号码相同，她说中国女足的成功已经在中国激励了更多的女性参加体育运动。“在中国，大多数孩子的父亲都接受了不女孩从事足球运动这一观念。这是文化因素造成的，” 孙雯说，“人们认为女孩应该害羞，文静，不能太活跃。”
“我的父亲曾经是足球运动员，也是一个真正的球迷，是他鼓励我踢球的，我10岁开始练球，13岁接受正规训练。”
孙雯球技出神入化，她已经成长为世界上最优秀的球员之一。在今年的世界杯赛上，她以七个入
球雄居榜首，并带领中国队打进了星期六在玫瑰碗体育场与美国队进行的决赛。
“我父亲现在很自豪，”26岁的孙雯说。虽然中国踢球的女孩并不是很多，但却拥有一支相当优秀的女足队伍。在进军决赛的道路上，中国队以5：0的比分在半决赛中淘汰了卫冕冠军挪威队。
孙雯通过翻译告诉记者，中国转播了本次世界杯所有比赛，这支队伍在国内已引起了巨大的关注。她相信，女孩不适于从事足球运动的观念正得以转变，一个世界杯冠军的胜利将有着巨大的影响。
星期二中国队在波默纳·皮兹尔大学进行简单训练后，孙雯说：“现在对于我们自己，对于中国来说，取得胜利是非常非常重要的。“中国是1991年第一届女子足球世界杯的主办国，但是当中国队在四分之一决赛中失利，而美国队夺取胜利后，球迷们的热情大为减弱。
今年，孙雯给所有关注世界杯比赛的人，包括许多中国球迷，都留下了深刻的印象。
“有时我们觉得是在自己的主场，”孙更说，“太令人惊讶了，对女子足球来说，这真是一个好地方。” 玫瑰体育场的门票已售完，将有近90000人到场观看决赛。
Many fathers in China would from on the idea of their daughter romping around a field kicking a ball. Sun Wen’s dad, Sun Zong Gao, thought differently.
Sun, who wears the same number as Mia Harnm, says her team’s success has prompted more women to participate in sports m China. “Most fathers in China cannot accept girls playing soccer. It’s the culture,” Sun Wen said. “Girls are supposed to be shy and steady and not so active.
“My father was a real soccer fan, a former player, and he encouraged me to play. I
started to play when I was 10 and started regular training when I was 13.”
Sun, who grew up to be a magician with a soccer ball at her feet, has become one of the finest players in the world. She tops this year’s World Cup scoring with seven goals and will lead China into Saturday’s championship game at the Rose Bowl against the United States.
“My father is very proud now,” Sun, 26, said. Despite the fact that not nutty young girls were encouraged to take up the game, China as built an extremely good team. To reach the final, they routed defending World Cup champion Norway 5-0 in the semifinals.
Sun, speaking through an interpreter, said the women’s team has sparked great interest in China, with all its World Cup games televised there. She believes the attitudes that girls shouldn’t play the game is changing, and a World Cup championship could make a dramatic difference.
“It is very, very important that we win now, for ourselves and for China,” she said Tuesday after the Chinese squad held a brief workout at Pomona-Pitzer College. China was host of the first Women’s World Cup, in 1991, but the fans’ interest there waned dramatically when the home team lost in the quarterfinals of the tournament won by the United States.
Sun has been impressed by the World Cup crowds this year, which have included many Chinese fans.
“Sometimes we felt like we were home team,” she said. The Rose Bowl will have a
sellout crowd approaching 90,000 for the final. “It’s amazing,” Sun said. “This is a very good place for women’s soccer.
Section B English to Chinese
THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE: A MASSIVE
FILE OF PHOTOS
If it’s true that a picture is worth a thousand words, then the Bettmann Archive and Bettmann Newsphotos facility in New York City has a lot to say.
The facility houses a total of 16 million pictures, with access to at least nine million more through its agencies in London and Tokyo, making it the largest commercial repository of photographs and illustrations in the world, according to director David Greenstein.
A look through the Bettmann collection is like a journey through 15,000 years of history; from ancient cave drawings to the latest news photographs, there is scarcely a visual image that can’t be found in its files.
Subjects range from politicians to entertainment and sports figures, from the Parthenon in ancient Greece to the Sears Tower in Chicago.
Famous news events and historical images alike which have been captured either by the blink of a shutter or the hand of an artist are part of Bettmann’s extensive archive. From the Boston Tea Party in 1773 that helped ignite America’s war for independence to the civil
rights marches in the U. S. South during the 1960s, Bettmann is a veritable history book of visual images. “Since I’ve worked here,” said head researcher Kate Schellenbach, “I’ve come to understand the power of pictures. When you think about a news story and attach an image to it, you realize that the image comes from a picture.”
All of the archive’s pictures are available for reproduction across the media. Bettmann does business with professionals in publishing advertising, film and television, for example. Of the 100 or so orders for pictures Bettmann receives every day, about half are sought for news-related purposes and half for historical use. “We have one foot in the news business and one in the historical archive business,” Greenstein said.
贝特曼档案馆：巨大的相片宝库
如果说一张图片真是抵得上一千个字的话，那么，纽约市的贝特曼档案馆和贝特曼新闻照片资料馆拥有的女言权可就大了。
据该馆馆长戴维·格林斯坦称，该馆总共收藏了1600万张图片而且还通过它在伦敦和东京的代理机构至少又收集了900万张，因此它就成了世界上最大的、经营性的照片和插图储藏馆。
浏览一下贝特曼档案馆的宝藏，就像是走过了15000年的人类历史里程：从古代洞穴里的图画到最近的新闻照片，几乎没有种视觉形象不能在这里的档案中找到。
图片的内容从政界人物到娱乐界、体育界名人，从古希腊的帕台农神庙到芝加哥的希尔斯大厦可
以说无所不包。
在贝特曼档案馆的浩瀚存档中，既可以找到著名新闻事件的留影，又可以看到历史的存照片——有的为相机快门瞬间所捕捉，有的则出自艺术家的手笔。从角发美国独立战争的1773年波士顿倾茶案到1960年美国南部的民权示威游行无所不收，贝特曼档案馆真称得上是视觉形象体现的历史了。
主任研究员凯特·谢伦巴哈说，“我从到这儿来工作以后，逐渐懂得了图片的威力。当你想到一则新闻并在头脑中形成它的形象时，你就会认训到这一形象原来起源于一张图片。”
该馆的全部图片都可用来供给传播媒介去复制使用。譬如，它与出版界、广告界、电影电视界的专业人士都有业务往来。贝特曼档案馆每天收到大约100份图片订单，其中大约有一半是为寻查当今事件的目的服务的，而另一半则寻查历史资料。格林斯坦说，“我们一只脚站在当今事件的工作里，另一只脚就踩在历史档案业务中。”
样题7
Section A Chinese to English
中国加入了一千多个国际组织，其贸易国排名已从第22位上升至第11位，并被认为2020年将成为仅次于美国的第二大贸易国。中国的市场改革推动了长达20多年的前所未有的经济增长，贫困人口从2亿5千万降至5千8百万，城市人均收入仅在过去的10年中就已上升了550%。由于中国经济开放，中国人民享有更多的流动自由、更大的择业范围、更好的学校和居住条件。今天，大多数中国人享有比中国近代历史上任何一个时期都要高的生活水平。
中国领导人认为有必要使国家聚合在一起，不断成长，不断朝它的目标迈进。中国的经济增长使
这个国家在投资、市场和能源方面越来越依赖外部世界。电脑、因特网、传真机、复印机、调制解调器、卫星等等，这一切都增加了中国人对边境线以外的人、思想和世界的了解。这种影响的感受才刚刚开始。的确，扩大开放对中国是极为有利的。这样做将会加速经济增长，提高中国的世界影响力，稳定社会。如果没有思想自由、提问自由和创造自由，中国在这个信息时代同完全开放的国家进行竞争时将明显处于一种不利的地位，因为在这个信息时代，国家财富的最大源泉是在人脑里。
China is a member of more than 1,000 international organizations. It has moved from the 22nd largest trading nation to the 11th. It is projected to become the 2nd largest trader, after the United States, by 2020. Market reforms have spurred more than two decades of unprecedented growth. The number of people living in poverty has dropped from 250 million to 58 million. Per capita income in the cities has jumped 550 percent in just the past decade. As China has opened its economy, its people have enjoyed greater freedom of movement and choice of employment, better schools and housing. Today most Chinese enjoy a higher standard of living than at any time in China’s modern history.
Chinese leaders believe it is necessary to hold the nation together, to keep it growing, to keep moving toward its destiny. China’s economic growth has made it more and more dependent on the outside world for investment, markets, and energy. Computers and the Internet, fax machines and photocopiers, modems and satellites all increase the exposure to people, ideas, and the world beyond China’s borders. The effect is only just beginning to be felt. Indeed, greater openness is profoundly in China’s own interest. If welcomed, it will speed economic growth, enhance the world influence of China and stabilize society. Without the full freedom to think, question, create, China will be at a distinct disadvantage, competing with fully open societies in the Information Age where the greatest source of national wealth is what resides in the human mind.
Section B English to Chinese (the whole text)
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that presently some 700 million hectares of land are harvested by farmers. This is only about 50 percent of the world’s present ploughed land. The FAO estimates that, ultimately, 3.2 billion hectares could be made productive. In 1976 the world’s population was over four billion people. This figure could go up to well over ten billion a century from now. therefore, the food supply and the birthrate are overriding issues for economists and demographers alike.
Although feeding the world’s population will be a major problem, the world is probably not headed for disaster. First, the world’s arable acreage can be expanded greatly. Second, the distribution of food and the yield of food per acre can be improved. Third, population growth can be controlled. Historical evidence shows that birth and death rates level off as countries move into the industrial stage. If population growth continues at its present pace, the future balance between food demand and supply may become dependent on new dietary patterns. Reduced consumption of meat, increased use of new high-protein food made from soybeans, and development of ocean resources for food are some alternatives that must be considered.
As the population grows, price of commodities will rise. As countries endeavor to increase yields on existing croplands through intensified use of water, energy, and fertilizers, the cost of commodities will rise. Growth of trade will depend greatly on availability of energy sources. There may still be a
trillion barrels of recoverable oil in the Middle East. But the oil crisis of 1974 has led to renewed interest in coal and to a search for alternative sources of energy. Solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy will play a large role in the years to come.
联合国粮食和农业组织（粮农组织）估计，农民目前耕种的土地约有七亿公顷。仅为当今世界可耕地的百分之五十左右。粮农组织估计，最终只有三十二亿公顷的土地可以成为多产的耕地。1976年，世界人中为四十多亿。再过一百年，这个数字将远逾一百亿。因此粮食供应和出生率是经济学家和人口统计学家都要加以研究解决的两个压倒一切的问题。
虽然喂养全球人口将是一个重大问题，但世界大概还不至走向灾难。第一，世界上的可耕地可以大大地拓展。第二，粮食分配和每英亩产量可加以提高。第三，人口增长可以加以控制。历史证据显示，当一些国家进入工业阶段后，人口出生率和死亡率便会拉平。
世界人口如果仍以目前的速度继续增长，那么未来的粮食供求平衡就可能取决于新的饮食模式。减少肉食消费，增加新的高蛋白豆制食品，开发海洋资源食品便是必须予以考虑的一些替换物。
随着人口的增长，商品的价格就会发生波动。由于各国力图加强使用水、能源和化肥来提高现在庄稼地的产量，商品成本将会上升。
贸易增长在很大程度上取决于能源的供应。中东可能还有一万亿桶可收回的原油。但1974年的石油危机使人类对煤再度产生兴趣和寻求可供选择的能源。在今后的年代里，太阳能、地热能和核能将起重大作用。
样题8
Section A Chinese to English
在很发达的国家，工业自动化将导致以极高的效率生产制成品，而且自动化将会产生深远的社会影响。例如工人必须接受更高的训练，更具有适应性，能从一个熟练工种转换到另一个工种。由于他们每天只要工作较短的时间，他们将有较多的闲暇。反过来就必须大幅度地扩充和重新调整教育工作。自动化的另一个结果是加速剩余资本积累，这将可用来帮助新兴国家解决某些不发达问题、但是必须记住：一个进程包含着一系列的难题，如政治性的难题。
一般说来，在任何领域中应用或滥用科学技术都必将会影响到社会整体结构。不论是把心理学应用于广告和政治宣传，把工程学应用于大众传播媒介，或把医学科学应用于人口过剩和老年化问题的研究，都是如此。这就可能导致出现一门专门的学科，其工作是在各种重大研究与发展项目投入大规模运转以前估计其社会后果。这里应该指出，近代科学最重大的倾向之一是把各个单独的分支集合到一起并形成相关的研究组合。如果这种倾向继续下去，很可能在事实上出现一类完全新型的科学家，即通晓多种学科的专家。 In the more developed countries, the automatization of industry (automation) will lead to a high degree of efficiency in the production of manufactured goods, and is likely to have far-reaching social effects. For instance, workers will need to be more highly trained and more flexible-they will probably have to be capable of changing (shifting) from one skilled job to another-and they will also have more free time, as they will work fewer hours per day. This in turn will necessitate a considerable expansion and re-orientation of education. Another result of automation should be to accelerate (speed up) the accumulation of surplus capital, which could than be made available for the purpose of assisting the emerging countries to solve some of the problems of underdevelopment. It should, however, he borne in mind that this process itself might involve a chain of difficulties, in this case of a political
nature.
In general, the application—or misapplication-of science and technology in all fields is certain to affect the structure of society as a whole. This will remain true whether we are dealing with the application of psychology to advertising and political propaganda, or engineering to the mass media of communication, or of medical science to the problems of overpopulation or old age. This could lead to the development of a special discipline, whose job would be to estimate (evaluate) the social consequences of all major research and development (R and D) projects before they are put into large-scale operation. It should here be pointed out that one of the most powerful trends in present-day science is for separate branches to converge and form inter-related groups of studies. If this trend continues, it may in fact lead to the emergence of an entirely new type of scientist, i.e. the multi-disciplinary co-ordinator.
Section B English to Chinese
Mark Twain’s celebrated novel Huckleberry Finn was described by the writer Ernest Hemingway as the source of “all modern American literature”. In a departure from the polished narrative style of earlier novels, Twain’s 1884 work is narrated in the speech style and rhythms of his story’s 12-year-old protagonist. It was a bold move. Twain’s insistence on using the grammar and colloquialisms adopted by his young hero plunged him into a running battle with the publisher’s proof-readers who wanted to correct the text to conform to standard American English of the time. Twain (real name: Samuel Clemens) won the battle, and was allowed to leave Huck to describe his first days drifting
down the Mississippi River with runaway slave Jim in his own way:
“Two or three days and nights went by,” writes Huck, “I reckon I might say they swum by, they slid along so quiet and smooth and lovely.”
Huckleberry Finn became an American classic as had The Adventures of Tom Sawyer before it, and Twain. Who was already a respected writer and humorist, was feted all across America. In 1885 James Gluck, a lawyer in Buffalo, New York, wrote to him enclosing a photograph of his local library’s new building and asked him to donate an original manuscript to the community. Twain sent the second half of his Finn novel, explaining that the rest had been lost. In fact, he found it again and sent on the first half in 1887, but it was more than century later that Glucks granddaughter, a librarian slowly weeding through trunks of his private papers that she had inherited, turned it up.
The manuscript of the first part of the novel is interesting in that it shows some of the deletions and reworkings that went into the novel before it was finally pubished. It has been described as the American literary find of the 20th century. It reveals some darker passages in Twain’s fading handwriting, including disturbing scenes such as his description of Huck’s drunken father and his sad and lonely death. Another episode later excised by the author describes a religious revival meeting at which a black woman, carried away in the spiritual fervour, is shoved aside by white worshippers whom she tries to embrace. Some scholars hope this scene may help to defend Twain against charges of racism that led to some schools banning his book in recent years. It shows clearly his disapproval of such racist attitudes. 作家欧内斯特·海明威把马克·吐温的著名小说《哈克贝利·费恩》称之为“美国全部现代文学”的
源泉。马克·吐温发表于1884年的这部作品，与早期小说叙述文雅的风格迥然不同，主人公是个12岁的小孩，故事便以这孩子的说话方式节奏来叙述。这可是非常大胆的新举动。
马克·吐温坚持按他小主人公所用的口语和语法来写作，这使他和出版商的校对人员之间发生了无休止的争论，后者老是想进行修改，使之与当时标准的美国英语相符。马克·吐温（真名为塞缪尔·克利门斯）终于获胜，出版商允许让哈克按自己的方式叙述他和逃跑黑奴吉姆一起顺密西西比河往下漂流的最初几日情况：
“两三个白天和黑夜过去了，”哈克写道，“也许我可以说这些日日夜夜是从我们身旁游过去的，那么静悄悄、美滋滋地就滑走了。”
就像其先行者《汤姆·索亚历险记》一样，《哈克贝利·费恩》也成了美国的经典作品。马克·吐温已成为受人尊敬的作家和幽默大师，在全美各地都受欢迎。1885年，纽约布法罗的一位名叫詹姆斯·格拉克的律师写信给他，随信附寄了一张当地图书馆新楼的照片，信中请他捐赠一部原始手稿给该地人民。马克·吐温便把他写的《哈克贝利·费恩》小说的后半部分手稿寄去了，信中解释说其余部分已丢失。实际情况是，他后来找到了前半部分并于1887年又寄去了。然而过了一百多年，格拉克的孙女（一位图书馆负）在一箱箱慢慢地清理她祖父遗留给她的私人文件时，才无意中发现了这份材料。
小说第一部分手稿的有趣之处在于它表明出版前哪些地方进行过删节和加工。此事被称之为20世纪美国文学的大发现。变得模糊的马克·吐温手稿揭示了一些令人不适的阴暗情景，其中就有酗酒的哈克父亲和他悲惨孤独的死亡。另一处被作者别掉的部分讲的是一次鼓动性的福音布道会，会上一位黑人妇女沉浸在宗教狂热中，想去拥抱白人信徒却被粗暴地推开了。马克·吐温曾被人指责有种族主义思想，近年来有些学校便禁止使用他的书。一些学者希望上述发现能捍卫马克·吐温以抵制此类指责。材料清楚表明他并不赞成那些种族主义行为。
样题9
Section A Chinese to English
在过去几十年中，父母更加注意孩子们的需求了。孩子们可以得到更好的医疗保健。而且教育已不再只是为有限的少数人所专有了。鉴于现在有如此多的人能上大学，许多教育家感到我们的学生太多，而够水平的学者太少了。有人说在教育儿童这方面，钟摆已摆向人们纵容的角度，以致于许多孩子们是在异化于社会的情况下长大的，他们对法律和父母都不尊重。 当今的趋向是老师和家长们应强调个人的责任，而且要强调对学生教育的目标应该适应他们选择的职业，而不仅仅是向他们提供更高一级的全面化教育。
In the past few decades, parents have become more attentive to the needs of their children. Better health care is available and education is no longer reserved fro a limited few. With so many now able to go to college, many educators feel that we have too many students and too few competent scholars. Some say the pendulum of child rearing has swung so far toward permissiveness that many children are growing up alienated from society and with no respect for law or parental authority.
The tendency today is for teachers and parents to emphasize individual responsibility and to stress that educational goals for students should be tailored to their chosen vocations rather than provide a generalized higher education.
Section B English to Chinese
BBC World Service is the world’s biggest radio network, with 140 million listeners across the globe, broadcasting in 44 languages, heard on short-wave, medium-wave, FM and satellite. We have an ambitious plan for the brand new technology of Digital Broadcasting by Satellite, due to start next year.
The appearance of the Internet has taken us broadcasters all by surprise. The Internet has enabled any radio station anywhere to become an international broadcaster with only a minor investment. Although its sound quality is far from perfect, it excels that of short-wave. Internet radio does not only mean competition but also great opportunities. The BBC is taking the Internet very seriously, for it’s a cheap way of getting a reasonable quality signal to places in the world that even our short-wave transmitters can’t adequately reach. There is much talk these days about the Internet being the “third force in broadcasting”, alongside radio and television. Very recently, we launched “BBC On-Line”, which incorporates a 24-hour news service. On the World Service site, the users can hear programmes in Mandarin, Arabic, Spanish and Russian. The Internet has opened up a new world: programmes can be archived onto computer hard disk, and listeners can rehear them as many times as they want to. This is a whole new way of listening to the radio—instead of expecting listeners to tune in at the time that suits US, they can choose to hear our programmes at any time that suits THEM.
英国广播公司国际广播电台是世界上最大的广播网，在全球拥有1亿4千万听众，可以通过短波、中波、调频和卫星收听以44种语言广播的节目。我们有一项雄心勃勃的计划，即明年起使用全新了卫星数码技术进行广播。
国际互联网的出现使我们广播人措手不及。国际互联网可以使位于世界任何一个地方的广播电台以很小的投资便可成为一家国际广播站。虽然互联网广播的音质远远非完善，但却胜于短波。 互联网电台的出现不仅意味着竞争，同时也提供了机会。英国广播公司非常认真对待互联网一事。互联网的的确是一条耗资少但可以将音质不劣的信号传送到短波都无法达到的地区。现在有不少人都认为互联网将是与无线电台和电视共存的“广播业的第三股势力”。
最近，我们开播了以24小时服务的“BBC上线”台，用户可以在BBC国际广播电台的服务地址上收听以汉语、阿拉伯语、西班牙语和俄语广播的节目。国际互联网为我们开辟了新大地：节目可以作为档案储存在电脑硬盘上，听众可以随心所欲地反复收听这些节目。这是一条收听广播的全新途径，听众无需在收听时间上适应“我们”，他们完全可以在适应“他们”的时间内收听我们的节目。
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