翻译技巧之
拆分法（division）和合并法（combination）
拆分法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较 短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。
汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结 构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句 的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序， 顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。
如：
（1） Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.
同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益（在主谓连接处拆译）
（2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.
我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译）
（3）This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth， who see Britain‘s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account.
英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。（在定语从句前拆译）
实例分析
一、英译汉中的拆分译法：常包括单词分译、短语分译和句子分译等三种情况。
（一） 单词分译
单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个小句或者句子。采用单词分译主要有两个目的：一是为了句法上的需要。由于一些单词在搭配、词义等方面的特点，直译会使句子生硬晦涩，翻译腔十足，而把某个单词分译却能使句子通顺，且不损伤原意。二是为了修饰上的需要，如加强语气，突出重点等。英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可分译。例如：
We recognize that China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.
我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。(副词拆分)
Then and there he named the startled General lying wounded on his cot the
new Commander in Chief of the Airforce.
他就在当时当地任命这位躺在榻上治伤的将军为空军总司令，使这位将军吃了一惊。（拆分过去分词）
A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.
我离开那个猫儿洞的速度之快，要是拍成电影的话，会象出膛的子弹一样。（拆分名词）
Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society.
显然，数百万美国人从来没有想过自己会违法，更不用说犯罪了，而就是他们正在越来越肆意歪曲旨在保护和培育这个社会的法律条文，这真令人痛心。
（原文中painfully apparent如照字面译成\"痛心地明显的\"，不合汉语表达习惯，将painfully单译成句，既突出了重点，表明作者对这一现象感到痛心的心情，又使语言自然流畅。）
At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.
现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。
（choose the safety of the middle-ground reply如机械直译成\"选择不偏不倚回答
问题的安全\"，语言晦涩难懂。将safety分译出来则较好地解决了这一问题。）
Auntie Julia vainly asked each of her neighbours in turn to tell her what Gabriel had said.
朱利亚姨妈接连向坐在旁边的人打听加布里埃尔刚才说了些什么，却没有问出个所以然来。
Developing countries seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.发展中国家似乎为他们在经济上取得的成绩而自豪，这是合乎情理的。
Those Chinese scientists in Silicon Valley are understandably proud of their achievements.这些在硅谷工作的科学家对他们取得的成就感到很自豪，这是可以理解的。
Incidentally I hope to get better medical treatment in other countries than I can possibly get here in the Unite States.顺便提一下，我希望能在这些国家得到更好的治疗，比我在美国这里所能得到的要多。
They,not surprisingly,did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。
That region was the most clearly identifiable trouble spot.那个地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家都容易看得出来的。
He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers;now that contempt was no longer cordial.长期以来，他的同事们虽然看不起他，却还有些亲切感；现在，亲切感也不再有了。
And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed.越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种看法，虽然从数量上说，他们仍是少数。
As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity...作为居住地，这里有许多不足之处；但作为新型飞机的秘密训练基地却是很理想的。它地处边陲，人们不易了解其中的活动……
He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.他摇了摇头，双目圆睁，然后眯成一条线，露出愤怒的神色。
短语拆分：
短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句。例如：
（1） These cheerful little trams, dating back to 1873, chug and sway up the towering hills with bells ringing and people hanging from every opening.
这些令人欢快的小缆车建于1873年，嘎嚓嘎嚓摇摆爬上高耸的山峦。车上铃儿叮当作响，每个窗口都是人。（介词短语分译）
（2） The military is forbidden to kill the vessel, a relatively easy task.
军方被禁止击毁这艘潜艇，虽然要击毁它并不怎么费事。（名词短语分译）
（3） Invitingly green Angel Island, once a military installation, contains meandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a day's excursion.
迷人的天使岛郁郁葱葱，小径蜿蜒，是一日游的理想野餐场所。但在过去它却是一个军事基地。（名词短语分译）
1.They were at home in the home of their friends，moving confidently without fear.他们在朋友家里感到自在，行动时心里踏实，无忧无虑。
2.Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.阳光照在所能透过的地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。
3.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。
1.Their power increased with their number.他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。
2.He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，时机正合适。
句子拆译
1.But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.但是，如果该地区再次发生战争，显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。
2.She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.她已经试了几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。
3.Sometimes Mrs.Cross would be walking around in the big kitchen watching him eat.有时，克罗斯太太一面在厨房里走来走去，一面看他吃饭。
4.My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage business of importance.我父亲认定我太年轻，办不了大事。他算是没有说错。
英译汉中的合并译法
一般说来，英语句子要比汉语句子长，英译汉时切分用得较多；但是较口语化的英语句子也比较短，英译汉时有时也得用合并。合并常用于以下二种情况：
（一） 简单句与简单句的合并
把原文中的两个或两个以上的简单句合并成一个句子。例如：
（1） She is intelligent, ambitious and hard-working. She is also good at solving problems.
她很有才智、雄心勃勃、工作努力，还善于解决问题。（两句合一）
（2） The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.
门没锁上，她走了进去，呆呆地坐了下来，极度的衰弱几乎使她无力挪动她那红肿的双脚。（三句合一）
（3） I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them.
我把椅子挪过去坐下，开始两脚分开，但我突然觉得这样显得不尊重，太不拘礼节，便把两膝并拢，把双手随便地放在膝盖上。（四句合一）
（二） 复合句的合并
把原文中的主从复合句或并列复合句译成一个简单句或词组。例如：
（1） We are going to have to be prepared to operate with people who are nuts.
我们将不得不应付那些难对付的家伙。
（2） And he found himself trying to suppress a bitterness that was soul-destroying.
他发现自己在竭力抑制损伤灵魂的苦涩。
（3） Many people have married whose chances to do so were much inferior to Miss Martha's.
许多条件远不如玛莎的人都已结了婚。
（4） The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt.
每次看病的诊断似乎都和我所有的感觉完全相符。
1.This novel is of no great literary merit. It is merely a pot-boiler.这部小说纯属胡编乱造，没有多大文学价值。
2.A man in a newish suburb feels that he has one foot in the city and one in the country.As this is the kind of compromise he likes,he is happy.住在新郊区的人，觉得一只脚在城里，一只脚在乡下，非常开心，因为这种城乡折衷之地是他喜欢的。
(2)把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句。
1.He liked his sister,who was warm and pleasant，but he did not like his brother，who was aloof and arrogant.他喜欢热情文雅的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。
2.When I negotiate,I get nervous.When I get nervous,I eat.谈判时我总是有点紧张。紧张时我就吃点东西。
(3)把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。
1.From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa,and then it reached the sea.
阿诺河从佛罗伦萨流经比萨入海。
2.The time was 10：30,and traffic on the street was light.十点三十分的时候，街上来往的车辆稀少了。
三、分合并举
翻译是一项综合思维活动，因此，翻译方法的采用也往往不是单一的，而是几种方法同时并用，相辅相成。分合并举，就是如此。请看下面的例子：
1.Confucius was a believer in moral action and in what we today call human development. He advocated the establishment of harmony within the social order.孔夫子信仰道德行为，信仰我们今天所说的人的发展，提倡在社会秩序内建立和谐。
文中的believer被分译成两个\"信仰\"，而\"提倡\"构成的动宾结构代替了原文的第二句，与第一句合并，共用一个主语。
2.Although the size of the task waiting to be carried out is daunting and there are many hurdles to be overcome,it would be wrong to end my address on a note of pessimism. Many countries have already made considerable progress in this regard.
尽管等待我们去完成的任务规模之大令人畏惧，尽管有许多障碍有待克服，但是以悲观的调子来结束我的发言是错误的，因为许多国家在此方面已经取得了长足的进步。
先将although分译，再将第二句合译进第一句，并明确前后部分的主从关系。
汉译英中的合并译法：
中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、 森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture， but only one tenth of the land is farmland， the rest being mountains， forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译）
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