过去式用来表达动词的“过了”、“完了”等意思，汉语里表达动作的时间时采用的是前后加字法，即在动词的前面或后面加字，表达做了，只要在动词的后面加上“了”就行了，如吃了、看了。而英语采用的是变形法，即不加字，而是让动词本身发生变化，如eat变成ate，see变成saw，ate、saw就是表达“吃过了”、“看过”的过去式。
“过去分词”则完全是另一回事，它的写法和过去式有时一样，有时不一样（简单词多不一样，长词多一样），但用法完全不一样，它有时表达“被……”，有时表达“完成……”。表达“被……”即被动语态，表达“完成”即用于完成时态。另外，过去分词不仅可以做动词，还可以做形容词。
一、过去分词构成规则
过去分词与过去式都是由动词变化而来，存在规则与不规则2种变化。过去分词的规则变化由动词+ed构成，具体构成方法与过去式一样。不规则变化见下表：
1. AAA型（原形→原形→原形） 序号 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 序号 01 02 03 3. ABC型
（1）原形→ew→own 序号 01 02 03 04 序号 原形 blow fly grow know 原形 过去式 blew flew grew knew 过去式 过去分词 blown flown grown known 过去分词 第 1 页 共 10 页
原形 cut cost hit hurt let put read set 原形 become come run 过去式 cut cost hit hurt let put read set 过去式 became came ran 过去分词 cut cost hit hurt let put read set 过去分词 become come run 中文 切，割 花费 撞击 伤害 让 放 读 安排，设置 备注 备注 2. ABA型（原形→过去式→原形） 中文 成为 来 跑 中文 吹 飞 生长 知道 中文 备注 备注 （2）i→a→u 01 02 03 04 05 序号 01 02 03 04 05 序号 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 序号 01 02 03 4. ABB型 序号 01 02 03 04 05 06 begin drink ring sing swim 原形 choose forget freeze speak break 原形 eat fall give see write ride draw take hide 原形 be go do 原形 bring buy fight think catch teach began drank rang sang swam 过去式 chose forgot froze spoke broke 过去式 ate fell gave saw wrote rode drew took hid 过去式 was/were went did 过去式 brought bought fought thought caught taught begun drunk rung sung swum 过去分词 chosen forgotten frozen spoken broken 过去分词 eaten fallen given seen written ridden drawn taken hidden 过去分词 been gone done 过去分词 brought bought fought thought caught taught 第 2 页 共 10 页
开始 喝 打电话 唱 游泳 中文 选择 忘记 冻 说，讲 破坏 中文 吃 落下 给 看见 写 骑 画 拿 躲藏 中文 是 去 做 中文 带来 买 打架，争吵 思考，认为 备注 备注 备注 备注 （3）原形→过去式→过去式+（e）n （4）原形→过去式→原形+（e）n （5）原形→过去式→过去分词 捉，抓 教 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 序号 01 02 03 fell keep leave sleep sweep deal mean build hear make send spend have lay lose pay say sell stand understand tell feed find get hold meet sit win 原形 burn dream hang felt kept left slept swept dealt meant built heard made sent spent had laid lost paid said sold stood understood told fed found got held met sat won 过去式 burned burnt dreamed dreamt hanged hung felt kept left slept swept dealt meant built heard made sent spent had laid lost paid said sold stood understood told fed found got held met sat won 过去分词 burned burnt dreamed dreamt hanged hung 第 3 页 共 10 页
感到 保持 离开 睡觉 打扫 处理 意思是 建造 听见 制造 送，寄 花费；度过 备注 有 放 丢失 付钱 说 卖 站 明白，理解 告诉 喂 发现；找到 得到 握，拥有 遇见 坐 赢 中文 烧 做梦 （被）绞死 5. 具有2种变化 挂 04 05 06 07 08 learn lie smell wake beat learned learnt lied lay smelled smelt waked woke beat beat learned learnt lied lain smelled smelt waked woken beat beaten 学 说谎 躺，放平 闻 醒 打 二、被动语态及其用法 1. 什么是被动语态
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的“及物动词”才有被动语态。如果一个动词后面必须跟宾语，这个动词就是及物动词（用vt.表示），如give, say, eat等；不跟宾语的动词则称为不及物动词（用vi.表示），如walk, come, arrive等。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”、“由”等词来表示被动意义。eg.
（1）He opened the door. 他打开了这扇门。（主动语态） （2）The door was opened. 这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）
（3）The door was opened by him. 这扇门被他打开了。（被动语态）
第（3）句话用by引出了open的执行者him。by是介词，后须跟he的宾格。当然，当不想说出动作的执行者时，可表达第（2）句话。
2. 被动语态的构成
被动语态的结构是：be动词+及物动词的过去分词 被动语态的时态、主语单复数等变化只需改变be动词的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。 eg.
（1）Her room is swept.（一般现在时，主语是单数） （2）Their rooms are swept. （一般现在时，主语是复数） （3）Her room was swept yesterday. （一般过去时） （4）Her room is being swept now. （现在进行时S be V-ing）
（5）Her room was being swept at this time yesterday. （过去进行时，S be V-ing） （6）Her room is going to be swept tomorrow. （一般将来时）
（7）Her room should be swept. （含有情态动词，情态动词后跟动词原形） 我们发现，无论是什么时态、主语是单数还是复数，被动语态的be动词都不能弄丢，但需要随着时态、主语的单复数的变化而变化，“情态动词后跟动词原形”的语法规则不能变。
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3、被动语态的用法
（1）不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。eg. The bridge was built last year. 这座桥是去年建造的。 He was elected chairman. 他被选为主席。
（2）当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。eg.
The room hasn't been cleaned yet. 房间还没有打扫。 The tiger was killed by him. 老虎被他杀死了。 （3）当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。eg. The window was blown by wind. 窗户被风吹开了。
The whole village has been washed away by the flood. 整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。 （4）表示客观的说明常用“It be（随时态选择be动词）+ 过去分词 + that 从句”句型。it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。eg.
It is said that Lucy has gone abroad. 据说露茜已经出国了。
It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.) 大家相信他是个间谍。 其它常见的“It is + 过去分词+ that”句型还有： It is reported that… 据报道…… It is said that… 据说…… It is believed that… 大家相信…… It is suggested that… 有人建议…… 4、主动语态变为被动语态 （1）将主动句的宾语变为主语 Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom. （2）将动词改为“be+过去分词”
They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday. 他们昨天开会了。
（3）主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项
1主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大○
家”的单词，变为主动句时，通常删去“by…”，但原主语被强调者除外。eg.
They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975. 这所医院建于1975年。
Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成这项工作。
The job can be finished only by him. 这项工作只能由他来完成。
2含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，○
即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。eg.
Jack told us the truth. 杰克告诉了我们真相。 We were told the truth by Jack.
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The truth was told (to) us by Jack.
3在主动语态中，make, let, see, hear, notice, feel ,watch等后常跟复合宾语，即宾语○
和宾语补足语，当宾语补足语由动词不定式（短语）来充当时，动词不定式的to被省略。但在被动语态中，这个to不能省略。eg.
I often hear her sing this popular song. She is often heard to sing this popular song.
上句是主动语态，sing this popular song是省略to的动词不定式短语，在句中作宾语补足语，即句型：hear sb. do sth.；下句是对应的被动语态，to sing this popular song 中的to不能省略。
4动词的主动形式表示被动之意 ○
以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词，如：look, feel, smell等。动词happen, cost, take, have没有被动语态。eg.
An accident was happened yesterday.（×）
An accident happened yesterday.（√）昨天发生了一起事故。 The flower smells sweet. 这花闻起来很香。 The watch looks good. 这表看起来很好。 This book sells well. 这本书畅销。
5有时部分“be + 过去分词”的结构并不表达“被动”含义，这样的过去分词有○
lost（lose的过去分词），broken（break的过去分词）等，它们其实是形容词，意思分别是“丢失的；失落的”、“损坏的，破碎的”。eg.
My eraser was lost. I feel so lost. 我的橡皮丢了，我很失落。 Her heart is broken. 我的心碎了。 三、各种时态的被动语态举例 1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。 Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。 2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)
The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。 He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。 My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done) A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。 A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。 4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done) The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。
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The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。 5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。 The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。 Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。 6．过去完成时(had been + done)
They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。 She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。 He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。
四、被动语态专项练习 Ⅰ. 单项选择
1. Good books ____ again and again. A. should be readed C. must read A. were looked
2. The children ____ by the nurse.
B. looked after D. looked
B. was given, wasn't listened D. was given, didn't listen B. did, happen D. was, happened B. will discuss D. has been discussed B. was built D. has been built B. have been set up D. set up B. have finished D. have been finished
C. were looked after A. gave, didn't listen C. give, wasn't listened A. was, happen C. is, happen
B. should be read D. ought to read
3. He ___ some pieces of advice, but he ____ to them.
4. When____ the accident _____ ?
5. The question ____ by us soon. A. is going to discuss C. is going to be discussed A. was builded C. builds
6. The lab ____ about five years ago.
7. A lot of tall buildings _____ in his hometown in the last three years. A. have set up C. were set up A. had finished
8. They ____ printing 500 copies by the end of last month. C. had been finished
9. Rice ___ also _____ in their hometown.
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A. is…grown C. was…grew
B. is…grew D. was…grown B. praises
D. always is praised B. take, are open
D. have been taken, are opened B. had been taken D. had taken B. is repairing D. is being repaired B. showed
10. He ____ by the teachers. A. is always praised C. have been praised
11. Great changes ____ place. Many new schools____ . A. have taken, have been opened C. are taken, open A. was taking C. was taken
12. The picture______ in October, 1996.
13. We can't use the bridge now, because it______ . A. has been repaired C. is repaired A. was shown C. have shown A. broke out
14. I ______the way to the railway station by a policeman.
D. was showing B. had been broken out D. had broken out B. heating D. heats B. locks D. is locking B. are made to work D. are making to work B. fill D. fulled B. is sent up D. has been sent up B. is, sung
15. The war______ in 1941. C. was broken out A. is heated
16. When water______ , it will be changed into vapor. C. has heated A. locked
17. We can't enter the room because its door______ . C. is locked
18. They ______day and night. A. are made work C. made to be worked A. filled C. full
19. Chang'an Road is ______of people.
20. Man-made satellites ______into space by many countries. A. was sent up C. have been sent up A. is, singing
21. This English song _____ often _____ by the children.
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C. will, sing A. must clean C. is cleaned A. was, found C. did, found
D. was, sung B. have cleaned D. are cleaned B. was, founded D. does, found B. has mended D. mended B. must hand in D. must be handed in B. plant
D. will be planted B. can't see D. doesn't see B. will be put on D. will be putted on B. has been happened D. was going to happen B. is broken, was broken D. has been broken, broken
22.The windows of our house _____once a week.
23. When ______ the People's Republic of China_____ ?
24. Mary's radio ______ by my brother just now. A. will be mended C. was mended A. will hand in C. handed in A. be planted C. are planted A. can be seen C. can't be seen A. will put on
25. Your exercise books _____ after class.
26. Some trees may ______ at other times of the year.
27. The sun _____ at night as usual.
28. A new English play _____ there next week. C. is going to put on A. was happened C. happened
29. A strange thing _____ in our school yesterday.
30. The glass ______ . It _____ by little Tom this morning. A. broke, is broken C. was broken, broke Ⅱ. 把下列句子改为被动语态 1. I saw the boy run yesterday.
_________________________________________________ 2. He told me that he would come back soon.
_________________________________________________ 3. You can find a lot of differences between the two languages. _________________________________________________ 4. Do you water your flowers every day?
_________________________________________________
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5. The wind blew down the big tree last night.
_________________________________________________ 6. I think that he is right.
_________________________________________________ 7. He had not thrown the bad food.
_________________________________________________ 8. Mother was not mending the trousers.
_________________________________________________ 9. They would not take him to Beijing.
_________________________________________________ 10. Nobody knew me in this town at that time.
_________________________________________________
参考答案
Ⅰ. 单项选择
Ⅱ. 把下列句子改为被动语态
1. The boy was seen to run by me yesterday. 2. I was told that he would come back soon.
3. A lot of differences can be found by you between the two languages. 4. Are your flowers watered every day? 5. The big tree was blown down last night. 6. It is thought that he is right. 7. The bad food had not been thrown.
8. The trousers were not being mended by my mother. 9. He would not be taken to Beijing.
10. I was known by nobody in this town at that time.
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. A
11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. C 21.B 22. D 23.B 24. C 25.D 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. B
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