Harvard Secondary References

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RLO: Referencing your work using Harvard

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Secondary references

If you are reading a source by oneauthor (in our example McKechnie(1998)) and they cite or quote work byanother author (in our example Wing,Lee and Chen (1994)) you may in turncite or quote the original work (e.g.that of Wing et al. (1994)) as aSECONDARY REFERENCE.

It is always best practice to try andlocate the original reference and

secondary references should only beused if it is difficult to access the

original work. You must remember thatin a secondary reference you are

seeing the original author's work fromsomeone else's perspective.

This panel shows you how to referencea secondary or indirect reference type.It should be used in conjunction withthe guidelines demonstrated in thereferencing tool for the appropriatereferencing types used.

In Text Example:

A study by Wing, Lee and Chen (1994 cited by McKechnie, 1998)discussed sleep paralysis in the ChineseOR

McKechnie (1998) cites the work of Wing, Lee and Chen (1994) whichlooks at sleep paralysis in the Chinese population.

NOTE 1: If you do not have an author, you can use the abbreviation'Anon.' to mean 'anonymous'.

Reference List Example

McKechnie, J. (1998) Incidence and diagnosis of sleep paralysis.Nursing Times 94(22): pp.50-51.

NOTE 2: Most referencing guidelines are quite clear that the originalreference should not be included in the list of references only thedetails of the source it is cited in.

http://www.uwe.ac.uk/library/resources/general/info_study_skills/cite02.htmNOTE 3: When citing more than one secondary reference from asingle source, each should be treated separately within the in-textcitation, but the primary reference need only be included once in thereference list.

e.g. In discussions of health it is useful to look at Dubos' theory (1959cited by Tones and Tilford, 2001) and also Maslow's model (1967 citedby Tones and Tilford, 2001).

Reference List Example

Tones, K. and Tilford, S. (2001) Health promotion:

effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Cheltenham: NelsonThornes.

© 2007 School of Nursing and Academic Division of Midwifery, University of NottinghamDeveloper: Heather Rai

Content authors: Richard Windle, Jennifer Dandrea, Carolyn Hardy, Heather Rai, Heather WharradRLO released: 16th March, 2007

Page last updated: 24 September, 2008

http://sonet.nottingham.ac.uk/rlos/studyskills/harvard/2.html[2010/11/10 1:28:28]

RLO: Referencing your work using Harvard: Secondary references

http://sonet.nottingham.ac.uk/rlos/studyskills/harvard/2.html[2010/11/10 1:28:28]