名词Noun 1. billion 十亿
e.g.: How many billion people speak the UN’s official languages as their native or second language? 2. attitude 态度；看法
e.g.: What is the attitude of the speaker towards foreign language learning? 3. reference 指称关系；参考
e.g.: The library contains many popular works of reference. 4. system 体系；制度；系统
e.g.: Over the years, the system developed into different forms. 5. factor 因素；要素
e.g.: There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.
6. bone 骨头；骨（质）
e.g.: These were animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people. 7. shell 壳；壳状物
e.g.: We collected shells on the beach. 8. symbol 符号；象征
e.g.: Some of the ancient symbols can still be seen in today’s hanzi. 9. dynasty 王朝；朝代
e.g.: By the Shang Dynasty (around 1600-1046 BC), these symbols had become a well-developed writing system.
10. variety （植物、语言等的）变体；异体；多样化
e.g.: It was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
11. dialect 地方话；方言
e.g.: Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can still communicate in writing.
12. means 方式；方法；途径
e.g.: Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected with its past.
13. character 文字；符号；角色；品质；特点
e.g.: The character of the neighborhood hasn’t changed at all.
14. calligraphy 书法的；书法艺术
e.g.: Chinese calligraphy has developed along with China’s civilisation. 15. affair 公共事务；事件；关系 e.g.: The whole affair ended in tragedy. 16. tongue 舌头；语言
e.g.: The words felt strange on my tongue, and the grammar would not stay in my head. 17. semester 学期
e.g.: You will need to complete three written assignments per semester. 18. gas 汽油；气体；燃气
e.g.: How do you measure the volume of a gas? 19 petrol (NAmE gas) 汽油
e.g.: We drove there and back on one tank of petrol. 20. subway (BrE underground) 地铁 e.g.: I don’t ride the subway late at night. 21. apartment (especially NAmE) 公寓套房
e.g.: He didn’t want to live in a city’s apartment building. 22. pants [pl.] (BrE) 内裤；短裤； (especially NAmE) 裤子 e.g.: I really need to buy some pants. 23. gap 间隔；开口；差距
e.g.: They met again after a gap of twenty years. 24. vocabulary 词汇
e.g.: For me, vocabulary is my biggest problem – there are just SO MANY new words! 25. description 描写（文字）；形容
e.g.: Does the write give a clear description of the problem?
动词Verb
1. refer 提到；参考；查阅 / 查询；叫……求助于
e.g.: Pronouns refer to something or somebody mentioned earlier. 2. carve 雕刻
e.g.: Chinese writing was first done by carving symbols onto bones and shells. 3. appreciate 欣赏；重视；感激；领会 / 增值
e.g.: You can’t really appreciate foreign literature in translation. 4. beg 恳求；祈求；哀求
e.g.: They begged him for help. 5. relate 联系；讲述
e.g.: Does each sentence relate to the main idea?
形容词Adjective
1. based 以（某事）为基础的；以……为重要部分（或特征）的 e.g.: At the beginning, written Chinese was a picture-based language. 2. global 全球的；全世界的
e.g.: As China plays a greater role in global affairs, an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China’s culture and history through this amazing language. 3. specific 特定的；明确的；具体的
e.g.: Scanning is looking at the text quickly to find specific information, such as dates or numbers.
介词Preposition 1. despite 即使；尽管
e.g.: However, despite his help, I learnt very little French.
兼类词Words with Multiple Part of Speech
1. native adj. 出生地的；本地的；土著的 n. 本地人
e.g.: When I listen to native English speakers talking in a video, I can catch only a few words. 2. base vt. 以……为据点；以……为基础 n. 底部；根据 e.g.: The lamp has a heavy base.
3. major adj. 主要的；重要的；大的 n. 主修课程；主修学生 vi. 主修；专门研究
e.g.: Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
4. classic adj. 传统的；最优秀的；典型的 n. 经典作品；名著
e.g.: People in modern times can read the classic works which were written by Chinese in ancient times. 5. regard n. 尊重；关注 vt. 把……视为；看待
e.g.: The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form, known as Chinese calligraphy, which has become an important part of Chinese culture. 6. struggle n. & vi. 斗争；奋斗；搏斗
e.g.: When I started studying German, it was a struggle. 7. equal n. 同等的人；相等物 adj. 相同的；同样的
e.g.: Our relationship is close and we’re equals, so I only need a few words to bridge the gap between us. 8. demand n. 要求；需求 vt. 强烈要求；需要 vi. 查问
e.g.: If I’m talking to someone who isn’t very close to me, I must make my request longer – and I must make it a question, not a demand.
其他Others
1. AD （源自拉丁语）公元
e.g.: It is believed that Chinese calligraphy dates back to at least the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD).
短语Expression
1. refer to 指的是；描述；提到；查阅 e.g.: I promised not to refer to the matter again. 2. ups and downs 浮沉；兴衰；荣辱
e.g.: China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through into modern times, despite the many ups and downs in its history. 3. date back [to …] 追溯到
e.g.: It dates back several thousand years to the use of animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.
4. no matter where, who, what, etc. 不论……；不管…… e.g.: Call me when you get there, no matter what the time is. 5. point of view 观点；看法
e.g.: I had finally come to a place where I could think in this foreign language, and I could see the world from a different point of view.
6. relate to 与……相关；涉及；谈到
e.g.: I just didn’t feel that it related to my daily life in any way, so I didn’t try.
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