1．不定式的基本形式与结构
动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外， 没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。 2．不定式的用法 1)不定式结构作主语
1.Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago．
2.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge．
在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如： 1.It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago．
2.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time．
不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb. to do sth. 结构表达：
1.It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review． 2.It is not difficult to those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind， naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语：
1.It is very kind of you to tell me the truth． 2.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing． 2)不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式， 另一种是“及
物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。 及物动词+带to的不定式结构:
只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有: afford， agree， aim， appear， ask， believe， care，claim，decide demand， desire， determine， expect， fail， happen， hesitate， hope， intend， learn， long， manage， offer， pretend， promise， prepare， refuse， seek， swear， undertake，want， wish等。 1.He managed to solve the complicated problem. 2.The stranger offered to show me the way.
3.Mr. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa. 动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式：
这类动词常见的有advise， decide， find out， forget， inquire， know， learn， see， regard初中英语语法总结， remember， teach， tell， understand， wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what， when， where， which， how， whether等。 1.He does not know when to start.
2.You can decide whether to continue or to stop. 3.I will show you how to deal with it.
有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词(如find， think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。 1.She considers it necessary to make friends with him.
2.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock. 3)不定式做表语
一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)；表语也是不定式(表示结果)： 1.To see is to believe.
2.To work means to earn a living．
另一种情况为主语是以aim，duty，hope， idea，job， plan，problem， purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用：；例如：
1.His aim is to study abroad in the near future．
2.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price．
3.What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience． 4)不定式作定语
不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型： 第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如： 1.There was really nothing to fear． 2.He gave me an interesting book to read．
如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如： 1.Mary needs a friend to play with． 2.That girl has nothing to worry about． 3.They have a strict teacher to listen to．
4.Although the film had been on for ten minutes， I still was not able to find a chair to sit on．
第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如： 1.Have you got a key to unlock the door? 2.The action to be taken is correct．
3.There is nothing to be gained by pretending．
第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability， attempt， effort， impulse， inclination，wish等。例如：
1.Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her． 2.I have no wish to quarrel with you．
3.Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary. 5)不定式作状语
不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语： 1.They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area．
2.They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area． 3.He was lucky to arrive before dark．
4.He was lucky because he arrived before dark． 作目的状语：
1.She raised her voice to be heard better．
2.She raised her voice so that she could heard better． 3.We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam．
4.We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam． 作结果状语：
1.The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians． 2.The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians．
3.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone． 4.He got to the station and was told that the train had gone． 不带to的不定式的使用
动词不定式通常带to，但在有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：
1) 在can／could， /may／might，will／would，shall／should，must， need，dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。
2)在表示感觉意义的动词，如see初中英语语法总结，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，let，make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：
1.I often heard him say that he would study hard． 2.I must have him see his own mistakes．
但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。 例如：
1.He was often heard to say that he would study hard．
2.After he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions． 3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式。例如： 1.Help the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.
4) 在had better，would rather，may／might as well，rather than，can not but等搭配之后初中英语语法总结，动词不定式也不带to。例如：
1.Unless you feel to ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonight． 2.She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.
5) 在make do，make believe，let drop，1et fall，1et fly，let slip，let drive，let go off，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如：
1.They let go of the rope．他们松开了绳子。
2.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me．约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。 3.I've heard tell of him．我听说过他。
4.Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students．由于生源不足，一些教职员工被解雇了。
6)在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不初中英语语法总结，只能”。例如：
1.He will do anything except work on the farm．
2.There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender．
3.The spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give in． 4.I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining． 下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：
can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如：
I can not but admire his courage. 如果上述句中有do，to省略： I did nothing but watch TV last night． 如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to： I have no choice but to give up my idea.
7)紧跟在why或why not之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who，what，which，whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如： Why stand up if you can sit down?
Why not ask your teacher when you don't understand the meaning?
You needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science． 3．不定式的完成式和进行式 1)构成
完成式：to+ have done 进行式：to+ be doing 2)用法
完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动作之前初中英语语法总结，那么不定式就要用其完成式。
进行式：如果主要谓语动作(情况)发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生，那么不定式就要用其进行式。例如：
1.She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline． 2.The Vikings are believed to have discovered America．
3.When you called me last night， I happened to be working on the computer． 4．不定式的被动形式
当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：
1.For twelve years， Spanish censorship did not allow Lorca's name to be mentioned and his work to be published．
2.The snow was supposed to have been blown off the mountain． 5．不定式的否定形式
否定形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。例如： 1.I decided not to ask him again．
2.Please remember not to leave the lights on when you are out． 单项选择
1. ______ the seeds and they will grow.
A. Water B. To water C. Watering D. Watered
2. The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but ______ work for young people.
A. provide B. to provide C. providing D. provided
3. He arrived at the office early, ______ a good example to the others. A. set B. to set C. to be set D. having set
4. Please make my excuse at tomorrow’s meeting — I’ve got too much work ______.
A. to do to come B. doing coming C. to do coming D. to do coming 5. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _____ A. to find B. to have found C. to be found D. being found 6. After describing the planned improvements, she went on ______ how much they would cost.
A.to explain B. explaining C. to be explaining D. having explained
7. To test eggs, ______ them in a bowl of water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink they’re good.
A. put B. putting C. to put D. to be putting 8. Please remember ______ the plants while I’m away. A. watering B. to be watering C. to water D. being watering 9. ______ wine, first you must press the grapes. A. Making B. To make C. To be making D. Make 10. I’ve never been so poor ______ able to afford a meal. A.as to be not B. not as to be C. as not to be D.as to not be 11. I don’t know whether to stay in teaching or ____another job.
A. trying getting B. to try to get C. trying to get D. try get
12. I’ll have to change my clothes before I go out — I don’t want ______ like this.
A. to see B. to be seeing C. to be seen D. being seen 13. In fact, she was the first woman ______to such a post.
A. to elect B. to be electing C. to have elected D. to have been elected
14. I’d like ___over the Alps and looking down at the mountains. A. flying B. being flying C. to be flying D. be flying 15. I’m learning ______ a cake. Can you explain ______ one?
A. to make, to make B. how to make, to make C. to learn, how to make D. making, making
16. Whom would you rather _____ with you, Jim or Jack? A. have go B. have to go C. have gone D. has to go
17. The husband advised ______to the south, but his wife advised him _____ up the idea.
A. moving, giving B. to move, to give C. moving, to give D.to move, giving
18. “Would you like to come for a walk with me?” “I’d prefer ___, thank you.” A. not to B. to not C. not D. can’t
19. I would mend your radio, but I don’t know ______. A. how B. to C. how to D. to how
20. “I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.” “What do you suppose ______ to him?”
A. was happening B. to happen C. has happened D. had happened
21. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _____.
A.to send B.for sending it C.to send it to D.for sending it to
22. “Do you know the girl in red?” “She seems _____ me at last month’s party. But I’m not sure.
A. to introduce to B. to be introduced to C. being introduced to D. to have been introduced to 23. We all agreed ______ for another day, but Jim disagreed ____ A.to wait,to do so B.to wait,不填C.waiting, doing so D.waiting,不填
24. He made up his mind to devote his life _____ pollution _____ happily.
A. to prevent, to live B. to prevent, from living C. to preventing, to live D. to preventing, from living
25. I wish I’d been there — I would like ____ her face when his husband came in.
A. to see B. to have seen C. seeing D. having seen
【参考答案】
1—5 ABBAC 6—10 AACBC 11—15 BCDCC 16—20 ACACC 21—25 CDBCB
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