Notes for Unit 2, Book Three I. Key Words and Useful Expressions (Text A) 1 hold on (L. 5)
1) survive in a difficult or dangerous situation; hang on 历经危难而不死；坚持住 他们设法坚持住直到有救援到来。 They managed to hold on until help arrived. 我觉得自己坚持不了多长时间了。 I don’t think I can hold on much longer. 2) (infml)(usu. in imperative) wait and stop (通常用于祈使语句)等一下；停住 停一停，让我喘口气。 Hold on a minute while I get my breath back.. 2. defy (L. 10) v
1) disobey or refuse to respect (sb., an authority, etc.) 违抗，反抗，藐视，蔑视（某人﹑权威等）
他们违抗父母的意愿而结婚了。 They defied their parents and got married. 任何蔑视法律的人都会受到惩罚。 Anyone who defies the law will be published. 2) be so difficult as to make (sth.) impossible 因为太困难而使…不可能 这门用什么方法也打不开。 The door defied all attempts to open it. 此问题无法解决。 The problem defied solution. 3. given (L.13)
1) prep. taking (sth.) into account 考虑到（某事物）
鉴于政府在解决失业问题上成绩不佳，他们在选举中获胜机会似乎不大。
Given the government’s record on unemployment, their chances of winning the election look poor.
考虑到她喜欢孩子，我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。
Given that she is interested in children/Given her interest in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.
2) adj. (esp. attrib) specified or stated (尤作定语)确定的；所述的；规定的 他们要在规定的时间和地点会晤。 They were to meet at a given time and place. 这项工作必须在规定时间内完成。 This work must be done within the given time. 4. crush (on sth.) n. (L.16) (infml) strong but typical brief liking (for sb.) 喜爱
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
小学生往往很钦佩老师。 Schoolchildren often have/get crushes on teachers. 乔治对玛丽有意思哦。 Gorge has a big crush on Mary. 5. fancy (L.18) v.
1) (infml) have a desire or wish for (sth.); want 渴望或希望得到（某事物）；想要 我想来杯茶。 I fancy a cup of tea.
你晚饭喜欢吃什么？ What do you fancy for supper? 2) think or believe (sth.); imagine 想；以为；想象 我看今天要下雨。 I fancy (that) it’s going to rain today.
他好像听到身后有脚步声。 He fancied he heard footsteps behind him. 短语: fancy oneself (as sth.) (infml) 自命不凡；自负 6. blossom v. (L. 40)
1) (of a tree or shrub) produce flower（指树木）开花
樱桃树今年开花早。 The cherry trees blossomed early this year.
2) out (into sth.) (fig.) develop in a healthy or promising way; grow or develop (into sth.); flouris 健康的成长；长成或发展成（某事物）；兴盛 莫扎特早在童年时已初露头角（成为作曲家）。
Mozart blossomed (as a composer) very early in life. 她已亭亭玉立，成了美丽的少
女。 She has blossomed (out) into a beautiful young lady. 7. restraint n. (L.48)
1) [C] ～on sth./sb. thing that checks or controls; restriction 起遏制作用的事物；管制措施；约束力
他勇于打破常规的约束。 He is never afraid to get off the restraints of convention. 她再也无法忍受有限的收入对家庭开支预算的约束了。
She began to find the restraints on the family budget of a limited income unbearable.
2) [U] the state of being controlled or checked抑制，遏制；管制；约束 那孩子的感情一直受到压抑。
The child’s affections were kept under/suffered continual restraint.
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
8. jump/climb/get on the bandwagon (L.55) joining others in doing sth. fashionable or likely to be successful 赶浪头；赶时髦；随大流 低腰牛仔裤现在很流行，人人趋之若骛呢。
Low-waist jeans are so popular now―everyone is jumping on the bandwagon. 我想也不妨像人们说的赶赶时髦。
I suppose I may as well climb on the bandwagon, as they say. 背景文化：
bandwagon指的是有乐队的马车。在十九世纪的美国南方，参选人为了吸引选民注意，在选战进入紧锣密鼓阶段会安排车队造势，在车阵的最前方会有一辆上面有乐队表演的马车。拜票过程中，民众会跳上车表示支持，期待该候选人当选了，可从中捞到好处。后来，人们便将“跳上乐队车”引申为“赶时髦”之意。
9. via prep. (L.58) by way of (sth.); through 经由（某事物）；通过 我可以通过内部通讯系统给他发个通知。
I can send him a note via the internal mail system. 他取道土耳其来到欧洲。 He came to Europe via Turkey.
10. blame sth. on sb. / blame sb. (for sth.) (L.63-64) consider or say that sb. is responsible for sth. done (badly or wrongly) or not done 责怪；责备；归咎于
她把婚姻的触礁归咎于他。 She blamed the failure of their marriage on him. 调查组指出火车司机应对事故负
责。 The inquiry blamed the train driver for the accident.
11. acquire vt. (L.73) gain (sth.) by one’s own ability, efforts or behavior （靠自己的能力﹑努力或行为而）获得，得到（某事物） 学好英语 acquire a good knowledge of English 学会喝白兰地酒 acquire a taste of brandy
得到不诚实的名声 acquire a reputation of dishonesty 我妹妹无法把她的书桌搬入新居，我就是这样才得到它的。
My sister couldn’t take her desk with her to the new house: that is how I came to acquire it.
12. let sb. loose (on sth.) (L.83) allow sb. to deal with sth. in their own way （在某场合）让…任意行动，给予自由
把狗放开一会吧。 Let the dog loose for a minute.
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
只有当人们有足够训练之后，才允许他们在体制内自由发展。
People are only let loose on the system once they have received sufficient training.
13. forge vt. (L. 84)
1) shape (sth.) by heating it in a fire and hammering 锻造；打铁 锻造剑﹑铁链等 forge a sword, a chain, etc
2) (fig) create (usu. a lasting relationship) by means of much hard work （靠艰苦工作）建立（通常为长期关系）
建立同盟﹑联系﹑联盟等 forge a bond, a link, an alliance, etc 患难中建立起来的友谊 a friendship forged by adversity 14. Given …,（L.13-14） 鉴于…的情况
就这台发动机的情况来看，只要能发动它就算是奇迹了。
Given the condition of the engine, it is a wonder that it even starts. 鉴于他的名声，我无法确定我们是否应该聘用他。
Given his reputation, I am not sure we should hire him. 15. there is much more…than (L.78-79) …决不仅仅意味着…
沙漠所意味的远远不只是沙子。 There is much more to a desert than sand. II. Key Words and Useful Expressions (Text B) 1. moist (L. 2) 潮湿的；湿润的 要记得按时给植物浇水以保持土壤湿润。
Do remember to water the plant regularly to keep the soil moist. 他妹妹双眼噙着泪水。 His sister’s eyes became moist. 派生词 moisten v. （使事物）潮湿，湿润
moisture n. 潮湿，水气 moisturize v. （施化妆品）使（皮肤）滋润
2. engaged adj. (L. 16) (usu. pred.)（指一人或两人）已订婚; 忙的，没空的 她和彼得定了婚。 She’s engaged to Peter.
我告诉他我在忙别的事。 I told him I was otherwise engaged. 同源词： engaging adj. 吸引注意力的；迷人的
3. fascinate vt. (L.23) 使（某人）着迷﹑神魂颠倒或极感兴趣
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
孩子们让商店橱窗里的玩具给吸引住了。
The children were fascinated by the toys in the shop window. 我瞧着她，完全被她迷住了。 I watched her, fascinated. 4. in the course of (L. 36) 在…期间
新的铁路正在建设中。 The new railway is in the course of construction. 在面试过程中中我的心跳得厉
害。 My heart beat thickly in the course of the interview. 5. manipulate v. (L.38) 熟练控制或操纵（某事物） 原始人很快就学会了使用工
具。 Primitive man quickly learned how to manipulate tools.
你知道如何使用计算机吗? Do you know how to manipulate a computer? 6. agonizing adj. (L.46) 使人痛苦的 折磨人的疼痛 an agonizing pain 恼人的耽搁 an agonizing delay 痛苦的决定 an agonizing decision
所有中国人无不殷切盼望早日结束这种令人痛心的局面。
All the Chinese people are yearning for an early end to this agonizing situation 同源词：
agonize v. （对某事物）极度忧虑或担心 agonized a. 表示痛苦的 7. clip vt. (L.58) （用剪刀）剪（某物）；（尤指）剪短，修剪
为参加狗展把狗的毛剪短了。 The dog’s fur was clipped short for the show. 她将旧的纪录缩短了近两秒。 She clipped nearly two seconds off the old record. 8. file vt. (L. 58) 用锉切削（某物）
她在很仔细地锉指甲。 She is filing her finger-nails with great care. 发动机的号码被锉掉了。 The engine numbers were filed away. 9. yield vi. (L. 72) 屈服，让步；（对某人/某事物）不再反对
该城受长期围困而被迫弃守。 The town was forced to yield after a long siege. 她禁不住诱惑，又吃了一块巧克
力。 She yielded to temptation and had another chocolate.
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
10. in vain (L. 74) 结果地，徒然; 无效果的，无用的 昨晚我怎么也睡不着。 I tried in vain to sleep last nignt. 我们的工作全都白干了。 All our work was in vain.
III. Keys to the Exercises
Enhance Your Language Awareness
WORDS IN ACTION
Working with Words and Expressions
1. 1) curled 2) minimum 3) clip 4) yielded 5) Given 6) awaiting 7) fascinated 8) affection 9) interact 10) haste 11) harden 12) grief 13) defies 14) glance 15) presence 16) lasting 17) via 18) acquire 19) manipulate 20) restraints 2. 1) let…loose on 2) fit into 3) hold on 4) state of affairs 5) in the course of 6) in vain 7) build…on 8) In short
9) grow used to 10) blame…on 11) reached for 12) give and take Increasing Your Word Power
1. 1) overcoat 2) overhead 3) overjoyed 4) overslept 5) overweight 6) overdue 7) overtime 8) overworking 2. 1) crush 2) attribtes 3) fancy 4) bubbled 5) grasp 6) drizzling 7) labeling 8) yield 3. 1) We are short of hands. 2) I still have some money in hand. 3) Give me a hand with this box, please. 4) I often keep a dictionary at hand. 5) The football fans were out of hand.
6) Hand out the pencils to everyone in the class.
7) This ring was handed down to me by my grandmother. 8) Time’s up. Please hand in your test papers. 9) Please hand on the magazine to your roommates. 10) I’m afraid I can’t help you. I’m a green hand.
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
GRAMMAR REVIEW
1. 1) Sitting on the stairs was // On the stairs was sitting 2) Over the wall came / flew 3) Round the corner was 4) Then finally came 5) Under the table was lying
6) At / On the top of (On top of) the hill stood
2. 1) The beaver chews down trees to get food and material to build its home with.
2) Do your parents think Tom is a nice boy to go out with?
3) The goals for which he has fought all his life seem unimportant to him now. 4) None.
5) The essay starts by asking a question, to which the author then gives a positive answer. CLOZE
1. 1) haste 2) state of affairs 3) distinguished 4) meeting of minds 5) blossom 6) inner charm 7) intimacy 8) emotion 9) acquiring 10) ideals 11) admiration 12) lasting 13) affection 14) forge 15) honor 16) overwhelming TRANSLATION
1）无论是友情还是爱情，你都不可能期待自己付出最少而得到最多。（maximum; minimum）
In either friendship or love / In both friendship and love,you should never expect to take / receive the maximum while you give the minimum. 2）我把全部希望寄托在他的承诺上，结果却发现他根本不是个真诚的人。（build on; sincerity）
I built all my hopes on his promise(s), only to find that he was not a man of sincerity at all.
3）我们带母亲去了所有我们能找到的最好的医院，但一切努力都是徒劳的。母亲还是没能熬过那次疾病（in vain）
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
We took Mother to all the best hospitals we could find, but all our efforts were in vain; she failed to survive the disease.
4）情人节（Valentine’s Day）是个一年一度在2月14日庆祝的节日，一个向自己心仪的对象表达爱意的好日子。（affection）
Valendine’s Day is an annual holiday celebrated on February 14, a perfect day to express love to the object of your / one’s affection.
5. 在信息时代，通过电子邮件方式跟远方的朋友交流几乎可以是同步的（simultaneous）。（era; via）
In the information era, communications with far-away friends via e-mail can be almost / virtually simultaneous.
6）爱情需要时间，因为只有慢慢习惯和学会欣赏对方才会产生出爱情。（grow used to; forge）
Love takes time, for it is not forged until you have grown used to the other’s company and learned to appreciate the other. Paragraph Transltion
After dinner, we all sat around the hearth. Aunt Susan was still in the grief of losing Uncle Robert. In her soft voice she told us about their past years. Uncle Robert joined the army shortly after they were engaged. Given the critical situation at the time when lots of army men didn’t return alive, you can imagine how much overjoyed Aunt Susan was to see Uncle Robert come back safe and sound from the European battlefield. Then they got married and brought up five children. For all those years, their affection for each other grew stronger in the course of overcoming difficulties and hardships in life. I was fascinated by Aunt Susan’s story, which was totally different from my ideal of love. They practiced giving and sharing in their daily life instead of pursuing passion and romance. Amazingly, such love lasted through their whole life. IV. Writing 1. Writing Skill
How to write a letter of application
The purpose of a letter of application is to help the applicant obtain the job he is interested in. It should state clearly what position the applicant wants, and should tell what his abilities are what he has to offer. It should provide a quick, clear picture of the applicant’s qualifications, accomplishment and aims. It should present the applicant to possible employors in the best light. Basic structure
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
The opening, in which you
— Explain how you heard about the vacancy; — Specify the job you are seeking; — Introduce yourself. The sales pitch, in which you
— First say something about yourself that will make your reader want to go on reading;
— Then answer the question “why you” of all the applications or resumes they have received by stating your accomplishments and abilities;
— then tell them you genuinely want to work for the company/organization, etc.
The call for action, in which you
— Suggest what you will do to follow up; — Request an interview.
The closing, in which you end the letter in a business-like manner by — Using “sincerely (yours)”. 2. Useful expressions
1) Applications for entry to a college
I am writing to as whether you could send me some information about your college and for the application forms…
I am writing to you in the hope that I may obtain an opportunity to do graduate study in our university… 2) Application for jobs
I see from your advertisement in yesterday’s China Daily that…
I am interested in the post/I should like to apply for the post of which you advertised in yesterday’s China Daily…
I should very much like to be considered for the post of … which was advertised in…
I am looking for a job as…, and would be grateful if you would consider me for such a post in your firm.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
I can come for an interview at any time convenient to you. I look forward to your early reply/the interview.
I look forward to hearing from you and I do hope I shall have the opportunity of an interview.
3. Writing Practice: Learn to write an application letter from the example
Directions: You want to apply for the following job: waiter/waitress required for evening work..Write a letter to Mr. Henry (the boss) to: 1) show your interest in the position,
2) explain why you would be suitable for the job, 3) look forward to the possible interview with him.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. Sample Dear Mr. Henry,
I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitress. Enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous work experience and qualifications.
First, not only do my qualifications and work experience make me a perfect candidate for the job, my personality is well suited to working as a waitress. Second, I am a very friendly person who can quickly establish rapport with people of all ages. Last, the fast-paced environment of waiting on tables suites me well because I thrive on working under pressure.
I would like to meet with you at your earliest convenience, to discuss the possibility of working at your restaurant. Thank you for your consideration of my application. I look forward to meeting you in the near future. Yours sincerely, Li Ming
4. Write a letter as required
Directions: Being a volunteer for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is your strong wish. Write a letter about 150 words to the Beijing Olympic Committee to
1) state your application to be a volunteer,
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
2) describe your qualifications,
3) express the appreciation of an interview.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. Sample
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to express my great interest in the “Olympic Volunteer Recruitment” launched recently by the Beijing Olympic Committee, and I would like to apply as a qualified candidate.
As I am an English major, my fluency in both Mandarin and English, as well as my basic command of French, guarantees that I meet the language requirement for the various volunteer positions. More importantly, I have been an enthusiastic participant in many international exchange programs―which are reflected in my attached resume―and therefore, I believe my communication skills make me competent for such a post.
Should you grant me an interview, I would be most grateful. Yours truly, Li Ming
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
卖炭翁 白居易(唐) 字乐天 号香山居士
卖炭翁，伐薪烧炭南山中。满面尘灰烟火色，两鬓苍苍十指黑。卖炭得钱何所营?身上衣裳口中食。可怜身上衣正单，心忧炭贱愿天寒。夜来城外一尺雪，晓驾炭车碾冰辙。牛困人饥日以高，市南门外泥中歇。 翩翩两骑(jì)来是谁?黄衣使者白衫儿。手把文书口称敕，回车叱牛牵向北。一车炭，千余斤，宫使驱将(jiāng)惜不得。半匹红绡一丈绫，系(jì)向牛头充炭直(值)。
学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
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